1. UNITED NATIONS PEACE KEEPING MISSIONS! UN Peacekeepers are sent into countries at end of civil war or conflict. Why are there so many Civil Wars in Africa? Many causes of these civil wars!

2. MANY REASONS FOR CIVIL WARS IN AFRICA! Root Causes! Politically corrupt African leaders Leads or warlords commit Human Rights abuses Lack of respect for laws, or no real laws in country. Over Looked Causes! Colonial Legacy- exploitation of resources & divide and rule strategy. U.S. and Soviet Union intervention during the Cold War!

3. 1880-1914 SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA= EUROPEAN COLONIALISM

4. EUROPEANS SCRAMBLED TO TAKE OVER ALL PARTS OF AFRICA.

5. DIAMONDS, OIL, MINERALS, RUBBER– RICH RESOURCES EUROPEANS WANTED NATURAL RESOURCES!

6. EUROPEAN USED THIS STRATEGY THROUGHOUT AFRICA

7. DIVISION OF ETHNICITIES LATER LEADS TO CIVIL WAR IN RWANDA DIVIDE & RULE BELGIANS IN RWANDA Rwanda

8. BELGIANS HAD PUT TUTSIS IN POWER, AGAINST THE HUTUS AFTER INDEPENDENCE, CIVIL WAR FOR DECADES BETWEEN HUTUS & TUTSIS LED TO GENOCIDE OF TUTSIS

9. BRITISH DEVELOPED AND FAVORED THE ARAB NORTH; IGNORING THE SOUTHERN PART OF THE COUNTRY DIVIDE AND RULE IN THE SUDAN- LED TO CIVIL WAR BETWEEN NORTH AND SOUTH SUDAN

10. BRITISH CREATED TENSIONS BETWEEN DIFFERENT GROUPS- DIVIDE AND RULE UGANDA, NORTH- ACHOLI & LANGO, SOUTH- BANTU GROUPS

11. BELGIAN’S DID NOT USE DIVIDE & RULE BUT THEY DID EXPLOIT RESOURCES OF CONGO

12. NO CONCERN FOR THE DIFFERENT ETHNIC OR CULTURAL GROUPS THAT WERE WITHIN THE BORDERS. EUROPEANS CREATE BORDERS FOR NEWLY INDEPENDENT COUNTRIES!

13. ANOTHER CAUSE OF CIVIL WARS U.S. and Soviets interventions in African to stop Communism! U.S. supported corrupt leaders to stop communism!

14. DEMOCRATIC LEADER & PRES. LUMUMBA VIEWED AS COMMUNIST! Patrice Lumumba- 1 st Elected leader of Congo CIA & rebels in Congo deposed Lumumba.

15. MOBUTU IS ANTI- COMMUNIST, BUT VERY CORRUPT! AFTER LUMUMBA, U.S. HELPS JOSEPH MOBUTU BECOMES LEADER & HE EXPLOITS THE CONGO RESOURCES AS WELL

16. PRESIDENT REAGAN & MOBUTU COLD WAR- MOBUTU “ANTI-COMMUNIST”

17. SUPPORTED BY WESTERN GOVERNMENTS & SUPPLIED WITH WEAPONS! IN UGANDA THE U.S. SUPPORTED THIS CORRUPT, ANTI- COMMUNIST LEADER- IDI AMIN 1971-1979

18. WEAPONS TO CORRUPT LEADERS (ANTI COMMUNIST); FUELED CIVIL WARS Throughout the Cold War (1950- 1989), the U.S. delivered over $1.5 Billion worth of weaponry to Africa. Top U.S. arms clients- Liberia, Somalia, the Sudan, and the Congo

19. AFRICAN LEADERS EXPLOIT MINERALS HUGE DEPOSITS OF MINERALS, OIL, DIAMONDS IN CONGO

20. WITHOUT THE UN MANY MORE DEATHS IN WORLD FROM WARS! UN PEACEKEEPING, COMPLEX & DIFFICULT

21. UN PEACE KEEPING IS VERY COMPLEX AND DIFFICULT! When a war ends, 4 out of 10 of those conflicts would re- emerge in war if the U.N. wasn’t there! To go into places that has no real government and try to bring stability and rebuild a country is very difficult! In the last 60 years, there have been 63 peacekeeping missions & 45 of them have been closed (some successful & some unsuccessful) Over 115,000 U.N. Peacekeepers, military, civilians, police, engineers…etc.

22. CASE STUDIES IN CLASS The Congo (Zaire) Focus; effects of colonialism, U.S. Foreign policy during the Cold War & power of U.S. multinational companies. Congo does not experience a civil war, but a brutal invasion from it’s neighboring countries that leads to killing of over 6 million people. No international response to this brutal African World War! Rwanda Focus; effects of colonialism led to civil war- U.N. Peacekeepers are in country at end of war…. But genocide begins as war is ending.. No U.N. intervention to stop the genocide – abuse of “veto” power in the security council of the United Nations. Sudan Focus; effects of colonialism leads to a civil war and genocide in Darfur. Abuse of “veto” power in the security council of the United Nations to stop the human rights abuse during civil war and genocide in Darfur..