1. Territoriality –Territoriality – “the attempt by an individual or group to affect, influence, or control people, phenomena, and relationships, by delimiting and asserting control over a geographic area.” – Robert Sack Sovereignty –Sovereignty – having the last say over a territory – legally. Territorial Integrity –Territorial Integrity – a government has the right to keep the borders and territory of a state in tact and free from attack.

2. Territory Territorial Morphology- shape, size & relative location of a state. Compact-distance from the geographic center does not vary greatly. Fragmented-consisting of 2 or more separate pieces divided by water or other territory. Elongated-long & thin states.

3. Territory Prorupted-states that are nearly compact, but have a narrow extension. Perforated-having another state lie within ones territory. Exclave-an outlier of a state located within another. Enclave-the counterpart of exclave-it lies within a country and is independent or ruled by another country.

5. India: The Tin Bigha Corridor Fig. 8-7: The Tin Bigha corridor fragmented two sections of the country of Bangladesh. When it was leased to Bangladesh, a section of India was fragmented.

6. Landlocked Countries Landlocked states have a serious disadvantage in trade and access to resources. Africa has more landlocked states than any other continent. Sahel is poorly linked to the coastal ports; Uganda linked by rail; Zimbabwe access via South African and Mozambique ports; Rwanda & Burundi the world’s most isolated states; Zambia & Malawi have poor connections. Asia-Mongolia & Nepal are landlocked with rough terrain, great distances and limited communication, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Armenia & Georgia. South America-Bolivia and Paraguay-lost coastline in war Europe-Austria, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Moldova, Belarus and Bosnia

7. Landlocked States

8. Fig. 8-6: Southern, central, and eastern Africa include states that are compact, elongated, prorupted, fragmented, and perforated. AfricanStates

9. How are Boundaries Established, and Why do Boundary Disputes Occur? Key Question:

10. Land Boundaries Not just a line, but also a vertical plane that cuts through subsoil, rocks and the airspace above- coal, gas & oil reserves often cross these lines. Belgium, Germany & Netherlands argued over coal seams & natural gas reserves. Kuwait Oil drilling prompted the 1991 Gulf War (Rumaylah Reserve)

11. Land Boundaries 3 Stage Evolution of Boundaries: definition-a document is created that indicates exact landmarks; delimitation- cartographers place the boundary on the map; demarcation-boundary markers such as steel posts or concrete pillars, fences or wall marks the boundary

12. 2 Types: Physical or Cultural Neither type of boundary is better or more “natural,” and many boundaries are a combination of both types. Important physical features on Earth’s surface can make good boundaries because they are easily seen, both on a map and on the ground. Three types of physical elements serve as boundaries between states: –mountains, –deserts, –and water.

13. Mountain Boundaries Mountains can be effective boundaries if they are difficult to cross (and) because they are permanent & usually sparsely inhabited. Argentina and Chile agreed to be divided by the crest of the Andes Mountains but could not decide on the precise location of the crest.

14. Desert Boundary Like mountains, deserts are hard to cross and sparsely inhabited. Desert boundaries are common in Africa and Asia.

15. Water Boundaries Rivers, lakes, and oceans are the physical features most commonly used as boundaries. Water boundaries are especially common in East Africa. Boundaries are typically in the middle of the water, although the boundary between Malawi and Tanzania follows the north shore of Lake Malawi (Lake Nyasa). Again, the boundaries result from nineteenth-century colonial practices: Malawi was a British colony, whereas Tanzania was German. Can offer good protection against attack from another state, because an invading state must secure a landing spot. The state being invaded can concentrate its defense at the landing point.

16. Coastal Waters The use of water as boundaries between states can cause difficulties, though. One problem is that the precise position of the water may change over time. Rivers, in particular, can slowly change their course. Ocean boundaries also cause problems because states generally claim that the boundary lies not at the coastline but out at sea. The reasons are for defense and for control of valuable fishing industries.

17. Cultural Boundaries The boundaries between some states coincide with differences in ethnicity. Other cultural boundaries are drawn according to geometry; they simply are straight lines drawn on a map.

18. Geometric Boundaries Part of the northern U.S. boundary with Canada is a 2,100-kilometer (1,300- mile) straight line (more precisely, an arc) along 49° north latitude,... established in 1846 by a treaty between the United States and Great Britain, which still controlled Canada. The United States and Canada share an additional 1,100- kilometer (700-mile) geometric boundary between Alaska and the Yukon Territory along the north-south arc of 14° west longitude.

19. Land Boundaries Frontier-a zone of separation that keeps rivals apart can be natural or manmade-such as Korean DMZ. Boundaries keep out adversaries or keep citizens inside-limit smuggling, migration, etc. Internal boundaries- provinces or states within a larger state.

20. Types of Boundaries Geometric-straight line boundary such as US- Canada or many in Africa. Physical or Natural- Political Boundary-river, crest of a mountain range or some other physical landmark Cultural or Anthro- Geographic Boundary- breaks in the human landscape, such as most of Europe’s boundaries

21. Aozou Strip: A Geometric Boundary Fig. 8-9: The straight boundary between Libya and Chad was drawn by European powers, and the strip is the subject of controversy between the two countries.

22. Ethnic Groups in Southwest Asia Fig. 8-14: Ethnic boundaries do not match country boundaries, especially in Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan.

23. Left-the Demilitarized Zone between North Korea & South Korea is heavily defended by both sides Bottom left-the US-Canadian border is the longest undefended border in the world. Bottom right-the Rio Grande forms the border between Mexico and the United States which is porous enough to allow million of illegal immigrants.

24. Language is an important cultural characteristic for drawing boundaries, especially in Europe. By global standards, European languages have substantial literary traditions and formal rules of grammar and spelling. The French language was a major element in the development of France as a unified state in the seventeenth century. In the nineteenth century, Italy and Germany also emerged as states that unified the speakers of particular languages. The movement to identify nationalities on the basis of language spread throughout Europe in the twentieth century. Language Boundaries

25. Treaty of Versailles

26. Division of Cyprus Fig. 8-10: Cyprus has been divided into Green and Turkish portions since 1974.

27. How/When Antecedent Boundary: Pre-existing; commonly corresponds to a physical feature like rivers, bays, lakes, or mountains. Subsequent Boundary: Set after the settlements of different groups meet. Often corresponds to their respective ecumene.

28. How/When Superimposed Boundary: Boundary is imposed by an outside force (treaty). It may not reflect existing cultural landscape. Relic Boundary: No longer a boundary. Often the outcome of political changes, but it is still visible imprint on the landscape.

30. Territorial Disputes