1. Power Generation from Renewable Energy Sources Fall 2013 Instructor: Xiaodong Chu Email ： chuxd@sdu.edu.cn chuxd@sdu.edu.cn Office Tel.: 81696127

2. Flashbacks of Last Lecture The location of the sun at any time of day can be described in terms of its altitude angle and its azimuth angle

3. Flashbacks of Last Lecture Solar flux striking a collector will be a combination of direct- beam radiation, diffuse radiation, and reflected radiation Estimate the extraterrestrial solar insolation that passes perpendicularly through a surface just outside of the earth’s atmosphere Attenuation of incoming radiation is a function of the distance that the beam has to travel through the atmosphere as well as factors such as dust, air pollution, atmospheric water vapor, clouds, and turbidity

4. Flashbacks of Last Lecture Example 7.8 on page 412 of the textbook

5. The Solar Resource – Total Clear Sky Insolation on a Collecting Surface Direct-beam radiation – Beam insolation striking a collector face is translated from the direct-beam radiation, where the incidence angle is used

6. The Solar Resource – Total Clear Sky Insolation on a Collecting Surface Direct-beam radiation – The incidence angle is a function of the collector orientation, the altitude and azimuth angles of the sun at any particular time

7. The Solar Resource – Total Clear Sky Insolation on a Collecting Surface Direct-beam radiation – For the special case of beam insolation on a horizontal surface

8. The Solar Resource – Total Clear Sky Insolation on a Collecting Surface Diffuse radiation – The diffuse radiation on a collector is much more difficult to estimate accurately than it is for the beam – Incoming radiation can be scattered from atmospheric particles and moisture, and it can be reflected by clouds whereas some is reflected from the surface back into the sky and scattered again back to the ground – The simplest models of diffuse radiation assume it arrives at a site with equal intensity from all directions

9. The Solar Resource – Total Clear Sky Insolation on a Collecting Surface Diffuse radiation – Diffuse radiation on a horizontal surface is proportional to the direct beam radiation where C is a sky diffuse factor and can be approximated as

10. The Solar Resource – Total Clear Sky Insolation on a Collecting Surface Diffuse radiation – How much of that horizontal diffuse radiation strikes a collector?

11. The Solar Resource – Total Clear Sky Insolation on a Collecting Surface Reflected radiation – The simplest model assumes a large horizontal area in front of the collector, with a reflectance ρ that is diffuse, and it bounces the reflected radiation in equal intensity in all directions Ground reflectance range from about 0.8 for fresh snow to about 0.1 for a bituminous-and-gravel roof, with a typical default value for ordinary ground or grass taken to be about 0.2

12. The Solar Resource – Total Clear Sky Insolation on a Collecting Surface Reflected radiation – The amount reflected can be modeled as the product of the total horizontal radiation (beam I BH, plus diffuse I DH ) times the ground reflectance ρ

13. The Solar Resource – Total Clear Sky Insolation on a Collecting Surface Reflected radiation – With I BH and I DH expressed by I B, reflected radiation is

14. The Solar Resource – Total Clear Sky Insolation on a Collecting Surface Total insolation strikes a collector on a clear day

15. The Solar Resource – Total Clear Sky Insolation on a Collecting Surface Examples 7.9, 7.10 and 7.11 of the textbook

16. The Solar Resource – Total Clear Sky Insolation on a Collecting Surface

18. Collectors are designed to track the movement of the sun across the sky Trackers are described as being either two-axis trackers, which track the sun both in azimuth and altitude angles so the collectors are always pointing directly at the sun, or single-axis trackers, which track only one angle or the other

19. The Solar Resource – Total Clear Sky Insolation on a Collecting Surface Single Axis Horizontal Rotate about axis parallel to ground

20. The Solar Resource – Total Clear Sky Insolation on a Collecting Surface Single Axis Vertical Single Axis (Azimuth Tracker) Tilted Axis

21. The Solar Resource – Total Clear Sky Insolation on a Collecting Surface Dual Axis Azimuth and Horizontal Rotation

22. The Solar Resource – Total Clear Sky Insolation on a Collecting Surface For two-axis tracking – The collector tilt angle equals the complement of the solar altitude angle, that is, Σ= 90 ◦ − β

23. The Solar Resource – Total Clear Sky Insolation on a Collecting Surface For single-axis tracking – A manually adjustable tilt angle along a north-south axis, and a tracking mechanism that rotates the collector array from east-to-west

24. The Solar Resource – Total Clear Sky Insolation on a Collecting Surface For single-axis tracking – If a collector mount rotates about its axis at the same rate as the earth turns, 15 ◦ /h, then the centerline of the collector will always face directly into the sun – Under these conditions, the incidence angle θ between a normal to the collector and the sun’s rays will be equal to the solar declination δ

25. The Solar Resource – Total Clear Sky Insolation on a Collecting Surface For single-axis tracking – The collector tilt angle is Σ= 90 ◦ − β + δ

26. The Solar Resource – Total Clear Sky Insolation on a Collecting Surface Shouldering Effect – Trackers extend production throughout the day and not just peaking at noon Shouldering

27. The Solar Resource – Total Clear Sky Insolation on a Collecting Surface Shouldering Effect – Shouldering lines up well with Peak Grid demand hours

28. The Solar Resource – Total Clear Sky Insolation on a Collecting Surface Increase in performance – Single Axis- Improve PV plant performance by 24% over fixed-tilt while costing 3-5% more – Dual Axis- Improve PV plant performance by 38% over fixed-tilt while costing 12-14% more

29. The Solar Resource – Total Clear Sky Insolation on a Collecting Surface Please use Box 7.2 to help you memorize the key points associated with clear sky insolation on a collecting surface