1. UW-Milwaukee Geography PHENOLOGY Impacts of Spring Phenology on Carbon and Energy Fluxes in the Midwest and Northeast USA

2. UW-Milwaukee Geography Research Contributions u Phenology data from R. Ahas, J. Caprio, X. Chen, DWD, A. Menzel, J. O’Keefe, and WPS u Flux data from S. Wofsy/Harvard Forest (1992- 2000), Lamont ARM (1994-1998), K. Davis/Park Falls/ WLEF (1997-1999), S. Grimmond/H. Schmid/ Morgan Monroe (1999-2000), and D. Baldocchi/ K. Wilson/Oak Ridge (1996-2000) u Phenology compositing technique adapted from a method developed by X. Chen

3. UW-Milwaukee Geography RESEARCH GOALS u Dynamic Biosphere Models u Terrestrial Biosphere Change Detection u Improve Understanding of Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions

4. UW-Milwaukee Geography Integrated Approach u Satellite Observations (AVHRR-NDVI) u Indicator Species Phenology u Native Species Phenology

5. UW-Milwaukee Geography Lilac First Leaf

6. UW-Milwaukee Geography Lilac First Bloom

7. UW-Milwaukee Geography Spring Indices (SI) Bloom Model Performance ( 3 plant average model output compared to lilac bloom data)

8. UW-Milwaukee Geography SI Bloom Comparison to European Plant Data

9. UW-Milwaukee Geography Comparisons to Harvard Forest Native Trees

10. UW-Milwaukee Geography Comparisons to Harvard Forest Native Trees

11. UW-Milwaukee Geography Comparisons to UW-Milwaukee Native Trees

12. UW-Milwaukee Geography Spring Index Comparison to USA SOS Dates

13. UW-Milwaukee Geography Diurnal Range Change with First Leaf

14. UW-Milwaukee Geography Station Locations

15. UW-Milwaukee Geography Spring Index Model Output for Selected Stations Station n min minmean max max min minmean max max min minmean max max P. Falls 3-24-21-15110117125130139153 H. Forest 9-21-15-997111118133140148 MMonroe24811708090111113115 Lamont5101722545862839097 O. Ridge 5824505059777689102 Composite Chill Date First Leaf Date First Bloom Date

16. UW-Milwaukee Geography Flux Changes Relative to First Bloom Spring Index Harvard Forest, MA 1992-2000

17. UW-Milwaukee Geography Net Ecosystem Exchange Harvard Forest, MA 1992-2000

18. UW-Milwaukee Geography Comparative Latent minus Sensible Heat Flux

19. UW-Milwaukee Geography Comparative Net Ecosystem Exchange

20. UW-Milwaukee Geography Comparative Net Ecosystem Exchange Annual “Downturn” Rates

21. UW-Milwaukee Geography Comparative Net Radiation

22. UW-Milwaukee Geography PAR Relative to First Bloom Spring Index Harvard Forest, MA 1992-2000

23. UW-Milwaukee Geography Flux Changes at UWM Field Station, WI 2002

24. UW-Milwaukee Geography Harvard Forest Native Species  Acer pensylvanicum striped maple  A. rubrum red maple  A. saccharum sugar maple*  Amelanchier spp serviceberry, shadbush*  Aronia spp chokeberry  Betula alleghaniensis yellow birch*  B. lenta black birch  B. papyrifera paper birch*  B. populifolia gray birch  Castanea dentata American chestnut  Cornus alternifolia alt.-leaved dogwood*  Crataegus spp hawthorn*  Fagus grandifolia American beech*  Fraxinus americana white ash*  Hamamelis virginiana witch-hazel*  Ilex verticillata winterberry, black alder  Kalmia angustifolia sheep laurel  K. latifolia mountain laurel  Lyonia ligustrina maleberry  Nemopanthus mucronata mountain holly  Nyssa sylvatica black gum  Pinus strobus eastern white pine  Populus tremuloides trembling aspen*  Prunus serotina black cherry*  Quercus alba white oak  Q. rubra northern red oak*  Q. velutina black oak  Rhododendron roseum mountain azalea  Sambucus pubens red elderberry  Tsuga canadensis eastern hemlock  Vaccinium corymbosum highbush blueberry  Viburnum alnifolium hobblebush  V. cassinoides witherod  *= also observed at UWM Field Station

25. UW-Milwaukee Geography Flux Changes Relative to First Bloom Spring Index Harvard Forest, MA

26. UW-Milwaukee Geography Harvard Forest Carbon Dioxide Flux

27. UW-Milwaukee Geography Phenological Changes near ChEAS sites

28. UW-Milwaukee Geography Phenological Regions in Wisconsin (Source: Zhao 2002)

29. UW-Milwaukee Geography ISI First Bloom for NP Region, WI compared to SI Indices for 475516 (ISI from Zhao and Schwartz, in progress)

30. UW-Milwaukee Geography Proposed FLUXNET Phenological Phases (coniferous sites) u NA (Needle appearance) u CF (Flowering)

31. UW-Milwaukee Geography Proposed FLUXNET Phenological Phases (deciduous sites) u SL (Sprouting of leaves) u UL (Beginning of the unfolding of leaves) u L95 (95% of leaves at 95%+ of final size) u BF (Beginning of flowering) u FR (Fruit ripe) u CL (Coloring of leaves)

32. UW-Milwaukee Geography Proposed FLUXNET Phenological Phases (grassland sites) u IG (Initiation of growth, tiller emergence) u IF (Initiation of flowering, anthesis) u DF (Duration of flowering, anthesis) u PS (Peak seedheads) u LC (Leaves in canopy > 90% dry)

33. UW-Milwaukee Geography Global Phenological Monitoring u European Phenology Network u FLUXNET phenology protocol u GLOBE phenology protocols u Canada Plantwatch u USA phenology network plans