1. The diversity of cellular life

2. Colonies of primitive unicellular organisms don’t show emergent properties Prokaryotic organisms or primitive eukaryotic organisms (algae, protistae) exist in colonies of identical cells While the cells co-operate, they do not fuse to form a single mass and so don’t form a single organism Each cell has identical structure and function

3. Multicellular organisms have differentiated cells Cells are specialised: Blood cells Muscle cells Retinal cells Glandular cells Epithelial cells Each cell type has a special task and structure Each cell has the same DNA, but only a section of it is expressed

4. Levels of ‘organisation’ in a multicellular organism  CELL  TISSUE  ORGANS  ORGAN SYSTEMS

5. Cardiac myocytes

6. Heart

7. Cardiovascular system

8. 4 key animal tissue types 1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscle 4. Nervous

9. Human Anatomy, Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.

10. Simple: just one layer or cell shape Stratified: multiple layers and cell shapes Classes of Epithelia

13. “ciliated” literally = eyelashes (see next page)

15. Stratified: regenerate from below

16. CONNECTIVE TISSUES “Areolar tissue” as model Universal in body Underlies epithelium, supports capillaries, small nerves

17. Cells of Connective Tissues Fibroblasts make fibres – cartilage, ligaments, blood, bone Immune cells in areolar tissue

18. Different types of Connective tissues Dense Ligaments Cartilage Bone Loose Fat Areolar Human Anatomy, Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.

25. Tissue types 3. Muscle tissue Skeletal Cardiac Smooth

29. Tissue types 3. Nervous tissue Skeletal Cardiac Smooth

31. Neuroglia

32. Cell Differentiation Harvard Animation

33. What are stem cells? Cells that are able to generate more specialised types of cell types through the process of cell differentiation Cells that can divide to make identical copies of themselves, through self-renewal You can learn all about stem cells by watching the beautiful animation from Utah Genetics here: Stem Cells

34. Different types of stem cells 1. Embryonic Stem Cells Here, you can learn how embryonic stem cells are made: Quck guide to Embryonic stem cells Quck guide to Embryonic stem cells Here is the BBC video on how embryonic stem cells are made: How to make stem cells

35. Different types of stem cells 2. Somatic Stem Cells (also called adult stem cells) Exist naturally in the body Used for bone marrow transplants Can only differentiate into dedicated cell types

36. Adult Stem Cells are committed to become one type of cell

37. Stem cells in the adult brain: Are they still working for us now?

38. Embryonic Stem cells are pluripotent

39. Different types of stem cells 3. Induced pluripotential Stem Cells Created artificially in the lab by ‘reprogramming’ a patients own cells Made from patient’s own cells – fat, skin, fibroblasts Can become any cell in the body (even a whole mouse!)

40. Induced pluripotential Stem Cells – The future! Learn the story of iPS stem cells from Utah Genetics… IPS stem cells

41. Stem Cells used in medicine: Treatment of leukaemia Stem cell transplants have been successfully used since 1968 to treat patients with leukaemia Patients with leukaemia first have their own abnormal blood cells destroyed by radiotherapy Then the patients own bone marrow stem cells are replaced with a transplant (into the bloodstream) from a healthy patient’s bone marrow If the transplant is successful, then the stem cells will migrate into the bone marrow and begin to produce new, healthy leucocytes You can learn all about leukaemia treatment by linking here onto Utah Inc: Utah Genetics

42. What can we use Stem Cells for? To provide lab-grown human or animal tissue for identifying new treatments for disease (rather than using animals in research) TO produce new human tissue and organs to replace damaged ones To repair tissue by stimulating stem cells already in the body To use stem cells from patients with inherited genetic diseases (e.g. cystic fibrosis, some forms of Parkinson’s disease) to study the disease To better understand diseases like cancer To investigate human development

43. Stem Cell Research is a fast- moving subject Stem cell grandparents Brand new sperm First trial of human embryonic stem cells Tracheal transplant Stem cell nobel prize

44. The Stem Cell Ethical Debate

45. Links on ethics related to Stem Cell research Stem Cell Ethics Factsheet Ethics and Embryos Factsheet Are embryos human? – a conversation…