1. Section 1: Physical, Perceptual, and Language Development Section 2: Cognitive & Emotional Development Section 3: Parenting Styles & Social Development

2. 1. Developmental psychology 2. Grasping reflex 3. Rooting reflex 4. Maturation 5. Telegraphic speech (c) 2007 brainybetty.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.2

3.  Developmental psychology: the study of changes that occur as an individual matures  Nature and Nurture  Newborns ◦ Capacities  Grasping reflex: an infant’s clinging response to a touch on the palm of the hand  Rooting reflex: an infant’s response in turning toward the source o touching that occurs anywhere around the mouth (c) 2007 brainybetty.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.3

4.  Physical Development ◦ Infant average birth weight = 7.3 pounds ◦ Maturation: the internally programmed growth of a child ◦ Learning: a relatively permanent change in behavior that happens as a result o experience (c) 2007 brainybetty.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.4

5.  Perceptual Development ◦ Visual Cliff Experiment (pg 65) ◦ Watch OSU video (c) 2007 brainybetty.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.5

6.  Language Development ◦ Can animals use language?  chimps  Grammar  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=utVXZAflESo&list=PL 2C9D2ED8DE2DA07A https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=utVXZAflESo&list=PL 2C9D2ED8DE2DA07A (c) 2007 brainybetty.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.6

7. ◦ How do children acquire language? Telegraphic speech: the kind of verbal utterances in which words are left out, but the meaning is usually clear  Where my doll  I goed to school (c) 2007 brainybetty.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.7

8. 6. Schema 7. Assimilation 8. Accommodation 9. Object permanence 10. Representational thought 11. Conservation 12. Egocentric 13. Imprinting 14. Critical period (c) 2007 brainybetty.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.8

9. 1. Who was the Swiss born psychologist who developed four stages to cognitive development. 2. The awareness that things exist even when you cannot see or feel it. 3. In Harlow’s experiment with surrogate mothers, which type of “fake mother” did the monkey typically choose? Cloth or Wire? 4. T/F Children under age 5 have a firm understanding of the principle of conservation. 5. A conceptual framework a person uses to make sense of the world. 6. List as many of stages of cognitive development. (c) 2007 brainybetty.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.9

10.  Cognitive Development ◦ How does knowing change?  Schema: a conceptual framework a person uses to make sense of the world  Assimilation: the process of fitting objects and experiences into one’s schemas  Accommodation: the adjustment of one’s schemas to include newly observed events and experiences  Object permanence: a child’s realization that an object exisits even when he/she cannot see or touch it  Representational thought: the intellectual ability of a child to picture something in his/her mind (c) 2007 brainybetty.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.10

11.  The principle of conservation ◦ Conservation: the principle that a given quality does not change when its appearance changes ◦ Egocentric: a young child’s inability to understand another person’s perspective  Jean Piaget & the stages of cognitive development  Sensorimotor  Birth – 2 years  Preoperational  2-7 years  Concrete operations  7-11 years  Formal operations  11- and beyond See next 2 slides (c) 2007 brainybetty.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.11

12. (c) 2007 brainybetty.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.12

13. (c) 2007 brainybetty.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.13

14.  Emotional Development ◦ Experiments on animals  Imprinting: inherited tendency of some newborns to follow the first moving object they see  Critical period: a specific time in development when certain skills or abilities are most easily learned  Surrogate Mothers  Wire vs. cloth (c) 2007 brainybetty.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.14

15.  Emotional Development ◦ Human Infants  Attachment at 6 months – 3 years  Separation anxiety  Stranger situation  Secure attachment  Avoidant attachment  Resistant attachment (c) 2007 brainybetty.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.15

16. 15. Authoritarian family 16. Democratic/authoritative family 17. Permissive/laissez-faire family 18. Socialization 19. Identification 20. Sublimation 21. Role taking (c) 2007 brainybetty.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.16

17.  Why do infants construct schemas?  What does it mean when people say children are egocentric?  How might a child who displays avoidant attachment react when placed alone in a strange room? Answers:  Schemas allow children to explain the world around them and to classify information in logical ways  Children view the world from their own perspective and cannot look at things from someone else’s point of view.  Children may avoid or ignore the mother when she leaves and returns. (c) 2007 brainybetty.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.17

18.  Parenting Styles ◦ Authoritarian: parents attempt to control and evaluate the behavior and attitudes of children and adolescents in accordance with a set code of conduct ◦ Democratic/Authoritative: children and adolescents participate in decisions affecting their lives ◦ Permissive/Laissez-Faire: children and adolescents have the final say; parents are less controlling and have a non-punishing, accepting attitude toward children (c) 2007 brainybetty.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.18

19. (c) 2007 brainybetty.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.19

20.  Effects of Parenting Styles ◦ Establishment of limits ◦ Assuming responsibility ◦ Indentifying with parents ◦ Independence (c) 2007 brainybetty.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.20

21.  Child Abuse ◦ The physical or mental injury, sexual abuse, negligent treatment, or mistreatment of children under the age of 18 by adults entrusted with their care  906,000 confirmed cases in 2003 ◦ Why is there child abuse? ◦ What constitutes child abuse?  Spanking?  Yelling? (c) 2007 brainybetty.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.21

22.  Social Development ◦ Socialization: the process of learning the rules of behavior of the culture within which an individual is born and will live ◦ How can we describe socialization? ◦ What is the reason for socialization? ◦ Give examples of how we learn socialization in school… (continued on next slide) (c) 2007 brainybetty.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.22

23.  internalize = adopting/accepting a group’s set of norms, values, beliefs, etc...  social interaction = interaction between people  Nature = hard wired, physical, psychological  Nurture = learned behavior  Studies of twins  Nature’s influence via height, weight, disease, eye vision, etc... ◦ These influence behavior but don’t dictate: ex. Basketball ◦ Exceptions: hormonal behavior (post partum depression, sex drives ◦ Genetic and physical illnesses (Turretz, Down’s) ◦ Psychological illnesses (Clinical depression,...)  Resocialization + Total Institutions ◦ military, prison, mental hospitals (c) 2007 brainybetty.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.23

24.  Oral Stage –infant seeks pleasure around mouth (0-18 months)  Anal Stage – infant seeks pleasure centered on functions of elimination (18months- 3 years)  Phallic Stage – infant seeks pleasure centered around genitals (3 – 6 years)  Latency Stage – sexual thoughts repressed; focus on developing social and intellectual skills (6 years – puberty)  Genital Stage – sexual desires renewed; individual seeks relationships with others (puberty through adulthood)  Identification – the process by which a child adopts the values and principles of the same gender parent  Sublimation – the process of redirecting sexual impulses into learning tasks (c) 2007 brainybetty.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.24

25.  Life periods in which an individual’s goal is to satisfy desires associated with social needs  Stages ◦ 1 –trust versus mistrust (early infancy) ◦ 2 –autonomy versus shame and doubt (1-3) ◦ 3 –initiative versus guilt (3-6) ◦ 4 –industry versus inferiority (6-12) ◦ 5 –identity versus role confusion (early teens) ◦ 6 –intimacy versus isolation (young adult) ◦ 7 –generality versus stagnation (middle adult) ◦ 8 –ego integrity versus despair (older adult) (c) 2007 brainybetty.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.25

26.  Games and Play ◦ Role taking: children’s play that involves assuming adult roles, thus enabling the child to experience different points of view  Teacher  Storekeeper  Ninja  Parent ◦ So how do these prepare the child for later life? (c) 2007 brainybetty.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.26

27.  Moral reasoning: deciding what is right or wrong ◦ The dying wife and the robbery  What is a moral dilemma? ◦ Stealing a loaf of bread for a hungry child  Is that a moral dilemma? ◦ Examples  Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development ◦ Pre-conventional  Obedience and punishment  Instrumental relativist ◦ Conventional  Good/bad  Law and order ◦ Post-Conventional  Social contract  Universal ethics principle (c) 2007 brainybetty.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.27