1. Gender Stratification

2. Gender and Inequality
Gender refers to personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female and male
Gender stratification unequal distribution of wealth, power and privilege between men and women
Male-female biological differences

3. Gender in a Global Perspective
Israeli kibbutzim- gender equality
Margaret Mead’s research- masculine and feminine are cultural not biological
George Murdock’s research- tasks based on physical characteristics
Gender and culture
What it means to be male or female is mostly a creation of society

4. Patriarchy and Sexism Matriarchy Sexism The costs of sexism
A form of social organization in which males dominate females
Matriarchy
Social dominance by women
A form of social organization in which females dominate males
Sexism
Belief that one sex or the other is innately inferior or superior
Institutional sexism
The costs of sexism

5. Gender and Socialization
Gender role (sex roles) are attitudes and activities that a society links to each sex

6. Gender and the Family Is it a boy or girl?
Color-coding gender
Traditional notions of gender identity
Handling of children
Female: passivity and emotion
Male: independence and action

7. Gender and Peer Groups Playing games Janet Lever (1978)
Boys favor team sports with
Complex rules and clear objectives
Girls team sports are different
Games teach interpersonal skills and the value of sharing and cooperation
Carol Gilligan’s gender based theory of moral reasoning (1982)
Schooling – educational choices

8. Gender and Schooling Correll (2001)
-gender shapes our interests and beliefs about our own abilities, guiding areas of study, eventually, career choices.

9. Social Stratification
Almost 60% of all women work
Administrative support and service sector jobs make up the type of work done by 50% of all working women
Women hold primary responsibility for household duties (the second shift)
On average, women earn 77 cents for every dollar earned by men (2004)
Largely due to kind of work done and family responsibilities
Corporate women and the glass ceiling
Just 17 of the 1,000 largest U.S. corporations have a woman chief executive officer

10. Education, Politics & Military
Gender and education
56% of all associate and bachelor degrees are earned by women; Since 1993, women also earned a majority of postgraduate degrees
Nineteenth amendment (1920)
Women active in local – state politics
15% of all armed forces personnel were women (2003) and 7% of all deployed forces
Culture influences our views of women in the military

11. Minority Status of Women
At all levels in the class system, women have:
Less income
Less wealth
Less education, and
Less power than men
Minority women
Multilayered system of disadvantage for some and privilege for others

12. Intersection Theory
The interplay of race, class, and gender, often resulting in multiple dimensions of disadvantage.

13. Violence Against Women
“Rule of thumb” 150 years ago
Sexual assaults, rapes, attempted rapes, and physical assaults
Campus and university gender violence
Female genital mutilation

14. Global Map 13-2 (p. 348) Female Genital Mutilation in Global Perspective Detail

15. Theoretical analysis of gender
Structural-functional analysis
Gender functions to organize social life
Talcott Parsons: complementarily roles for family units in order to carry out various tasks
Social-conflict analysis
Friedrich Engels’ ideas
Gender and class

16. Applying Theory: Gender (p. 350)

17. Feminism Working to increase equality Expansion of human choice
Eliminate gender stratification
Ending sexual violence
Promote sexual freedom