1. Trend Analysis for Central America Diego Pedreros Greg Husak Oct, 2009

2. Introduction Rainfall in Central America varies from 500 to 5000 mm at year distributed in two main seasons in the Pacific slope of the region and a single season in the Caribbean. The following slides show the annual and seasonal trends that rainfall presents during the period 1970 to 2004. Also, a frequency of water deficiency /excess is calculated.

3. Methods Rainfall trends were calculated by correlating annual totals with the 35 years of data. The P-value was obtained to determine the strength of the relationship. A line was fitted and the slope of the line was mapped to determine the amount of change, in mm by year. The trend was obtained for annual, primera and postrera season. To determine the frequency of rainfall deficiencies or excess, a percent anomaly was calculated for each period, by pixel. Below 85% of normal was assumed to be deficient rainfall and above 115% was assumed to be excess. Once the % anomaly was obtained for each year, a map of the number of times a pixel was deficient / excess was created.

4. P-val The P-value shows the probability of the relationship being random. Areas where P-value is less than 0.05 indicate non- random relationships. Rainfall Annual Trend Longitude Latitude

5. Estimated change, mm per year The slope of the line shows the amount of change in rainfall per year. The red colors show a decrease in rainfall while the blue shows an increase. It is important to check the areas where the P-value is low to better interpret this graph. Rainfall Annual Trend Longitude Latitude

6. P-val Rainfall Trend, Season MJJ Longitude Latitude

7. Estimated change in mm per year Rainfall Trend, Season MJJ Longitude Latitude

8. P-value, ASO Rainfall Trend, Season ASO Longitude Latitude

9. Estimated change, mm per year Rainfall Trend, Season ASO Longitude Latitude

10. Frequency of Water Deficiency and Excess

11. Frequency of Water Deficit, Annual Longitude Latitude Number of Times below 85% of normal

12. Frequency of Water Excess, Annual Longitude Latitude Number of Times above 115% of normal

13. Frequency of Water Deficit, May-Jun-Jul Longitude Latitude Number of Times below 85% of normal

14. Frequency of Water Excess, May-June-July Longitude Latitude Number of Times above 115% of normal

15. Frequency of Water Deficit, Aug-Sep-Oct Longitude Latitude Number of Times below 85% of normal

16. Frequency of Water Excess, Aug-Sep-Oct Longitude Latitude Number of Times above 115% of normal

17. Another way to Look a Drought

18. Number of times rainfall has been < 300, MJJ 1970 to 2004

19. Number of times rainfall has been < 500, MJJ 1970 to 2004

20. Number of times rainfall has been < 300, ASO 1970 to 2004

21. Number of times rainfall has been < 500, ASO 1970 to 2004

22. Examples of Trends in Individual Stations

24. Conclusions This study shows that at the annual scale rainfall in central America presents a positive trend in most of the Caribbean and part of the Pacific of Costa Rica while the rest of the region shows no trend. Looking in more detail it seem that rainfall is increasing during the period MJJ and no so much during ASO. As for the frequency of rainfall deficiency and excess, the regions that show the most effect is the pacific slopes of Nicaragua and the western part of the Caribbean coast of Honduras. Slides 13 and 15 show that the major effect is during the Agust-October period with less extent in the May-July period.

25. Disclaimer only the station data for Guatemala an a few station in the rest of the region have been validated by the Meteorological services. These results should not be used for local analysis.