3. Red Hake Urophycis chuss

6. Direct test of flowering date dependence on temperature

7. Sarah Diamond et al.2011. Species' traits predict phenological responses to climate change in butterflies. Ecology 92:1005–1012 44 species in CO

8. Data mainly address PRIMARY ecological responses Distribution Abundance Phenology of single species

9. DISTRIBUTION & ABUNDANCE RESPONSES

11. results next slide PHENOLOGiCAL RESPONSES

13. PRIMARY ecological responses Distribution Abundance Phenology of single species cause SECONDARY ecological responses Community structure Communiy function interactions among species

14. 2 degree C local climate change Repeat surveys in 2009 -2010 1880 – 3117 2010 – 5917

15. PlantBee Interaction black: persisted 1880 - 2010 red: lost, due to local extirpation blue: lost, bee still present bar & line width = importance

16. 532 interactions 407 lost (76%) 183 bee extirpation: community structure 224 bee still in system: community function 121 new interactions: community function

17. Plant 224 lost interactions due to altered community function Grey: no overlap in time (phenology), Green: no overlap in space (distribution) Purple: no overlap in time or space (both) Orange: no overlap in time where they overlap in space (both) BROWN: 133 (59%) – interaction lost despite spatiotemporal overlap Bee

18. The Smell of Climate Change The impact of abiotic factors on plant volatiles Will Glenny: MSU PhD student

19. Pollinators use volatiles as chemical cues 60%-90% of plants are dependent on pollination Maintain biodiversity and ecosystem function Account for $18-billion annually in U.S.

20. Flower traits that attract pollinators Junker and Paranchowitz 2010

21. Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOCs) Organic compounds Emitted from plant structures Lightweight Communicate with pollinators Raguso 2008 Monoterpenes

22. How will Climate Change Impact Volatiles? Raguso 2008 a.) Historical Blend b.) Overall Increase c.) Changed Ratios d.) Novel Compounds e.) New Context

23. Aim: Describe the impact of increasing TEMPERATURE on floral volatile compounds - ‘floral bouquets’

24. Experimental Design 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Temperature (°C) Globularia alypum Erica multiflora Quercus ilex Dorycnium pentaphyllum Sonchus tennarimus Spartium junceum

25. Farre-Armengol et al. 2014 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Temp(°C) 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Temp(°C) 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Temp(°C) Emission (ng / hr / g) Black line: sum of all monoterpenes. Colored lines: individual monoterpenes

26. Aim: Describe the DIRECT effect of elevated CO 2 on monoterpene emission

27. Experimental Design Quercus ilex Quercus ilex Low- 350 ppm CO 2 High- 700 ppm CO 2 GC/MS analysis of monoterpenes from daily measurements

28. Leto et al. 2001 Most monoterpenes decrease as CO 2 increases. But not all.