1. Graphics and Image Data Representations 1

2. Q1 How images are represented in a computer system? 2

3. An image could be described as two-dimensional array of points where every point is allocated its own color. Every such single point is called pixel, short form of picture element. The number of pixels determines the quality of the image- image resolution. Higher resolution always yields better quality. 3

4. Types of images There are two basic forms of computer graphics: bit-maps and vector graphics. Bitmap formats are the ones used for digital photographs Vector formats are used only for line drawings. 4

5. Bit-map images ( Raster Graphics) They are formed from pixels -- a matrix of dots with different colors. Bitmap images are defined by their dimension in pixels as well as by the number of colors they represent. A 640X480 image contains 640 pixels and 480 pixels in horizontal and vertical direction respectively Each of the small pixels can be a shade of gray or a color. All digital photographs and paintings are bitmapped, and any other kind of image can be saved or exported into a bitmap format 5

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8. In fact, when you print any kind of image on a laser or ink-jet printer, it is first converted by either the computer or printer into a bitmap form so it can be printed with the dots the printer uses. once bitmap are enlarged too much, they look unnatural and blocky. Reducing their sizes also has an impact on image quality as images lose a bit of sharpness. Bitmaps are fairly simple to output, as long as your printer has sufficient memory. 8

9. Image Resolution Image resolution refers to the spacing of pixels in an image and is measured in pixels per inch, ppi, sometimes called dots per inch, dpi The higher the resolution, the more pixels in the image. Increasing the size of an image decreases its resolution and decreasing its size ???? its resolution 9

10. How to determine what size your raster image must be, for good quality printing? 10

11. Multiply the resolution required by the area to be printed. Examples: If a printer requires a minimum of 300 ppi and you want to print an image in an area that is 5 inches wide, multiply 300 pixels x 5 inches (300 x 5 = 1500). Your image must be at least 1500 pixels wide. 11

12. Can we enlarge the pixel dimension and resolution of a raster image? 12

13. Once the image is created at a certain dimension, you may not be able to use this image at a larger size without losing quality. 13

14. How to determine what dimension your existing image can be printed at: 14

15. Divide the pixel dimension of your image by the resolution required by your printer. If your image is 1993 pixels wide & printer requires 300 ppi (1993 ÷ 300) can be printed at 6.643 inches. If your image is 1993 pixels wide & printer requires 240 ppi (1993 ÷ 240) can be printed at 8.304 inch. 15

16. Vector graphics They are really just a list of graphical objects such as lines, rectangles, ellipses, arcs, or curves called primitives. This format is widely used by computer-aided design programs to create detailed engineering and design drawings It is also used in multimedia when 3D animation is desired. 16

17. Draw programs have a number of advantages over paint-type programs Precise control over lines and colors. Ability to skew and rotate objects to see them from different angles or add perspective. Ability to scale objects to any size to fit the available space. Vector graphics always print at the best resolution of the printer you use, no matter what size you make them. Color blends and shadings can be easily changed. Text can be wrapped around objects. 17

18. Monochrome/Bit-Map Images Each pixel is stored as a single bit (0 or 1) The value of the bit indicates whether it is light or dark Dithering is often used for displaying monochrome images 18

19. Gray-scale Images Each pixel is usually stored as a byte (value between 0 to 255) This value indicates the degree of brightness of that point. This brightness goes from black to white 19

20. 8-bit Color Images One byte for each pixel example, a dark pixel might have a value of 10, and a bright one might be 230. Supports 256 out of the millions possible, acceptable color quality Requires Color Look-Up Tables (LUTs):- to store color information. Basically, the image stores not color but instead just a set of bytes, each of which is an index into a table with 3-byte values that specify the color for a pixel with that lookup table index. Examples: GIF 20

21. 24-bit Color Images Each pixel is represented by three bytes (e.g., RGB) Supports 256 x 256 x 256 possible combined colors (16,777,216) Most 24-bit images are 32-bit images, the extra byte of data for each pixel is used to store an alpha value representing special effect information 21

22. Popular File Formats Choosing the right file type for your image to save in is of vital importance. The most common formats used on internet are the GIF, JPG, and PNG. 22

23. GIF Graphics Interchange Format (GIF), initially for transmitting graphical images over phone lines via modems. Limited to only 8-bit (256) color images, suitable for images with few distinctive colors (e.g., graphics drawing) Supports one-dimensional interlacing Supports animation. multiple pictures per file (animated GIF) 23

24. Cont … GIF format has long been the most popular on the Internet, mainly because of its small size. GIFs allow single-bit transparency, which means when you are creating your image, you can specify one color to be transparent. This allows background colors to show through the image. 24

25. PNG Portable Network Graphics It is intended as a replacement for GIF in the WWW and image editing tools PNG uses unpatented zip technology for compression PNG-24/8 Provides transparency using alpha value Supports interlacing 25

26. JPEG/JPG A standard for photographic image compression created by the Joint Photographic Experts Group Intended for encoding and compression of photographs and similar images Uses complex lossy compression which allows user to set the desired level of quality (compression). Though JPGs can be interlaced, they do not support animation and transparency unlike GIF 26

27. TIFF Tagged Image File Format (TIFF), stores many different types of images (e.g.,monochrome, gray scale, 8-bit & 24-bit RGB, etc.) Uses tags, keywords defining the characteristics of the image that is included in the file. TIFF is a lossless format. Do not use TIFF for web images. They produce big files, and more importantly, most web browsers will not display TIFFs. 27

28. System Dependent Formats Microsoft Windows: BMP Macintosh: PAINT and PICT X-windows: XBM 28

29. Color lookup Tables (LUTs) The idea used in 8-bit color images is to store only the index, or code value, for each pixel. If a pixel stores, say, the value 25, the meaning is to go to row 25 in a color lookup table (LUT). The image file can store in the file header information just what 8-bit values for R, G, and B correspond to each index. The LUT is often called a palette. 29

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31. Cont…. A color picker consists of an array of fairly large blocks of color. A simple animation process is possible via simply changing the color table: this is called color cycling or palette animation. 31

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