1. Atomic Structure and Minerals

2. Basic Structure of Atoms
Smallest particles of matter
Have all the characteristics of an element
Nucleus – central part of an atom that contains
_________ – positive electrical charges
_________ – neutral electrical charges

3. Energy levels, or shells
Surround nucleus
Contain _________ – negative electrical charges

4. Atomic Bonding and Isotopes
Bonding of atoms
Forms a compound with two or more elements
Ions are atoms that gain or lose electrons
Atomic number is the number of protons in an atom's nucleus
_________
Have varying number of _________

6. Isotopes
Have different mass numbers – the sum of the neutrons plus protons
Many isotopes are radioactive and emit energy and particles
C, O, U, Ar, K, and Pb are some of the most common isotopes used in geologic investigations.

7. Periodic Table of the elements

8. Average Abundances for the ____________
Hydrogen is most abundant
Helium is second most abundant
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9. Average Abundances for the ____________
Oxygen second abundant element
Magnesium is abundant metal
Silicon third most abundant element
Iron most (abundant) and nickel in core
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Sulfur abundant in core

10. Average Abundances in _____________
Oxygen is most abundant element
Some abundant metals
Silicon is second most abundant; aluminum is third
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Iron is most abundant transition metal

11. Elements in the Earth’s Crust
The eight elements that compose most rock-forming minerals are oxygen (O), silicon (Si), aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg)
Most abundant atoms in Earth's crust are oxygen (46.6% by weight) and silicon (27.7% by weight)

13. How Atoms Bond Together
Sharing
Loaning
Free flow
Stick together
Inter- molecular force
Metallic bond
Covalent bond
Ionic bond
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14. How Are Atoms Arranged in a Mineral?
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Cubic
Tetrahedron
Octahedron

15. Definition of a Mineral
_______
_________
Possess an orderly internal structure of atoms
Have a ________ chemical composition
__________ - lacks an orderly internal structure

17. Mineraloid
Large openings
Small openings
Openings of different sizes allows the material to flow.

18. Physical properties of minerals
Crystal form
Luster
Color
Streak
Hardness
Cleavage
Fracture
Specific gravity
Other properties
Taste
Smell
Elasticity
Malleability

19. Crystal Form Generally reflects internal atomic arrangement
Typically manifests best when crystals have lots of room to grow.

20. What Controls a Crystal’s Shape?
Internal structure of halite
Halite (NaCl)
Sizes and packing of atoms
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21. Crystal Lattice
Orderly arrangement of atoms
Repeating pattern
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22. Crystal Form

23. Luster
Metallic
Non-metallic

24. Color

25. Streak

26. Hardness

27. Bonds with Same Strength
Mineral can break along three sets of planes without passing through an atom
Mineral breaks through the lattice in nearly any direction so it will fracture
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28. Cleavage

29. Atomic Scale of Mineral Cleavage
Brown atoms bonded with blue atoms into flat sheets (strong bonds)
Sheets joined by long bonds between sheets (break along weakest bonds)
Cleave into sheets
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30. Fracture

31. Special Properties Other properties Feel (Talc, Chlorite)
Magnetism (Magnetite)
Double Refraction (Calcite)
Reaction to hydrochloric acid (Calcite)

32. Building Rocks
A few dozen minerals are called the rock-forming minerals
These minerals can be grouped according to their elemental makeup.

33. Mineral Groups _________ Non-silicates ___________ (Limestones) Oxides
Sulfides
Native Metals– Elements
Sulfates

34. Silicates Composed of _________________
Crystallize from molten material
Minerals are divided by how the silica tetrahedra are arranged.

35. The silicate (SiO4)-4 molecule

36. Silicate Minerals Silicate tetrahedron
Tetrahedra bond together and with other elements
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37. Rock-forming silicates
Groups based upon tetrahedral arrangement
Olivine – independent tetrahedra
Pyroxene group – tetrahedra are arranged in chains
Amphibole group – tetrahedra are arranged in double chains

38. Independent Tetrahedra
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Olivine
Tetrahedra bond to other elements, not other tetrahedra

39. Single Chains Tetrahedra bond together to form single chains Pyroxene

40. Double Chains
Tetrahedra bond to form double chains
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Amphibole

41. Rock-forming silicates
Micas – tetrahedra are arranged in sheets
Two types of mica are biotite (dark) and muscovite (light)
Feldspars - Three-dimensional network of tetrahedra
Two types of feldspar are Orthoclase and Plagioclase
Feldspars are the most plentiful mineral group
Quartz – three-dimensional network of tetrahedra

42. Sheet Silicates
Mica
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43. Frameworks
Tetrahedra bonded together and with other elements in 3D framework
Quartz
Feldspar
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