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Week 3 – Part 2 Phonology The following PowerPoint is to be used as a guideline for the important vocabulary and terminology to know as you do your readings, answering questions, and forming your thoughts and comments for your discussion with fellow classmates.
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The Pronunciation of Plurals Allomorphs ◦ An alternative phonetic form of a morpheme (plural morphemes: cats, dogs, kisses) Homorganic nasal rule ◦ place of articulation of the nasal is the same as for the following consonant.
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Distinctive Phonetic Features—Voiced, Nasal, Labial, and Continuant Nondistinctive Phonetic Features—Aspiration, which is predictable from phonetic context Minimal Pair—when two distinct words are distinguished by a single phone occurring in the same position.
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pbm Stop+++ Labial+++ Voiced-++ Nasal--+ bmdng ŋ Stop++++++ Voiced++++++ Labial++---- Alveolar--++-- Velar----++ Nasal-+-+-+
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1. Nasalize vowels before p, I, or z as to have a rule such as 2. Nasalize vowels before m, n, or ŋ
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FeaturesObstruentsNasalsLiquidsGlidesVowels Consonantal+++-- Sonorant-++++ Syllabic-+/- -+ Nasal-+--+/-
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Featuresi ɪ e ɛ æu ʊ o ɔ a ʌ High++---++---* Mid--++---++-+ Low----+----+- Back-----+++++- Central----------+ Round-----++++-- Tense+-+--+-+-+-
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See handout of Sound Segments and Features
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Assimilation Rules ◦ Dissimilation rules—the means by which a segment becomes less similar to another segment. Feature Changing Rules Segment Insertion and Deletion Rules ◦ Epenthesis—the process of inserting a consonant or vowel. Movement (Metathesis) Rules ◦ Metathesis rules—rules that reorder sequences of phonemes. From One to Many and from Many to One The Function of Phonological Rules ◦ Derivation—applying a rule that applies to one phoneme to another phoneme. Slips of the Tong: Evidence for the Phonological Rules
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Prosodic or Suprasegmental Features—pitch, stress, and segment length. Syllable Structure Word Stress Sentence and Phrase Stress Tone Languages—languages in which syllables or words are contrasted by pitch. Intonation ◦ Intonation languages—use pitch variations to distinguish meanings of phrases and sentences
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Prosodic or Suprasegmental Features—pitch, stress, and segment length. Tone Languages—languages in which syllables or words are contrasted by pitch..
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Morphophonemic rules—apply to specific morphemes. Phonotactics—sequential constraints that determine which sounds may be adjacent within the syllable. Accidental gaps—possible but nonoccurring words otherwise known as nonsense words. Optimality Theory—hypothesizes a set of ranked constraints that govern the phonological rules.
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Fromkin, Victoria, et al. An Introduction to Language. 9 th ed. Boston: Wadsworth, 2011. Davenport, Mike & Hannahs, S.J. Introducing Phonetics and Phonology. 3 rd ed. London UK. Hodder Education.
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