1. Yale Summer Class: Observational Astronomy. Class #13 Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and the Fate of the Universe Professor: José Maza July 6, 2009 Professor: José Maza July 6, 2009

2. Dark Matter Dark Energy Dark Matter Dark Energy

3. Dark matter is the name given to mass that we infer to exist through its gravitational effects but that emits no detectable radiation. Dark energy is the name given to an unseen influence that may be causing the expansion of the Universe to accelerate with time. Dark matter is the name given to mass that we infer to exist through its gravitational effects but that emits no detectable radiation. Dark energy is the name given to an unseen influence that may be causing the expansion of the Universe to accelerate with time.

4. Evidence for dark matter Distribution of mass in the Milky Way

8. A rotation curve plots the orbital speeds of objects in a galaxy against their distances from the center of the galaxy. The flatness of the Milky Way’s rotation curve indicates that a large amount of dark matter lies beyond our galaxy’s visible regions. A rotation curve plots the orbital speeds of objects in a galaxy against their distances from the center of the galaxy. The flatness of the Milky Way’s rotation curve indicates that a large amount of dark matter lies beyond our galaxy’s visible regions.

10. Dark Matter in Other Spiral galaxies.

13. Dark Matter in Elliptical Galaxies

15. Dark Matter in Clusters of Galaxies

17. Orbits of Galaxies in Clusters Hot Gas in Clusters Orbits of Galaxies in Clusters Hot Gas in Clusters

19. Gravitational lensing

23. What might dark matter be made of? Baryonic dark matter Nonbaryonic dark matter Ordinary Dark Matter: MACHOs (Massive Compact Halo Objects) Baryonic dark matter Nonbaryonic dark matter Ordinary Dark Matter: MACHOs (Massive Compact Halo Objects)

25. Extraordinary Dark Matter The dark matter in galaxies cannot be made of neutrinos, because these very low mass particles travel through the universe at enormous speeds and can easily escape a galaxy’s gravitational pull. WIMPs (weakly interacting massive particles). WIMPs are subatomic particles so the “massive” in their nature is relative. The dark matter in galaxies cannot be made of neutrinos, because these very low mass particles travel through the universe at enormous speeds and can easily escape a galaxy’s gravitational pull. WIMPs (weakly interacting massive particles). WIMPs are subatomic particles so the “massive” in their nature is relative.

26. WIMPs are often called “cold dark matter” to set them apart from the fast moving neutrinos. WIMPs could make up most of the mass of a galaxy or cluster of galaxies, but they would be completely invisible in all wavelengths of light. WIMPS are like neutrinos but more massive. WIMPs are often called “cold dark matter” to set them apart from the fast moving neutrinos. WIMPs could make up most of the mass of a galaxy or cluster of galaxies, but they would be completely invisible in all wavelengths of light. WIMPS are like neutrinos but more massive.

27. Structure Formation What is the role of dark matter in galaxy formation? What are the largest structures in the Universe? What is the role of dark matter in galaxy formation? What are the largest structures in the Universe?