1. SC B-4.9 EXEMPLIFY WAYS THAT INTRODUCE NEW GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS INTO AN ORGANISM OR A POPULATION BY APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES OF MODERN GENETICS GENETIC ENGINEERING

2. CN Page 112 Notebook EQ: How has technology allowed humans to genetically alter an organism?

3. Changing the Living World Selective breeding: allowing only those individuals with desirable traits to reproduce Humans use it in animals, plants, & other organisms

4. SELECTIVE BREEDING

5. Hybridization A breeding technique that involves crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best traits of both organisms Usually are:  Hardier  More disease tolerant

6. Inbreeding The continued breeding of individuals with similar traits Increases the incidence of recessive traits

7. Increasing Variation Breeders can increase genetic variation in a population by inducing mutations (the ultimate source of genetic variation) Bacteria  Small size, short life cycle makes them easy to radiate  get desirable mutation  Example: Bacteria used in oil spills digest oil Plants  Polyploidy induced by chemicals  Bananas, Citrus Fruit

8. Key Questions How does selective breeding work? Why would inducing mutations in an organism be a good idea?

9. Applications of Genetic Engineering Possible to transfer genes from one organism to another  1 st done in 1986 by Howell  transferred gene from firefly  tobacco plant

11. Transgenic Bacteria Bacteria reproduce rapidly & easy to grow use restriction enzymes to open bacterial plasmid or loop of DNA then insert gene used to make human forms of proteins  Insulin  Growth Hormone  Clotting Factor

12. How Restriction Enzymes Work

13. Restriction Enzyme Explanation http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/dl/free/007 2421975/196644/restriction_endonucleases.html http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/dl/free/007 2421975/196644/restriction_endonucleases.html

14. Transgenic Animals Mice produced with human genes that makes their immune systems act like humans  Scientist able to study effects of diseases or treatments on mice before testing on humans Some livestock now have extra copies of gene for Growth Hormone  grow faster & produce leaner meat, more milk

15. Transgenic Animals

16. http://www.instruction.greenriver.e du/mcvay/es204/es%20docs/anima tions/transgenic_plants.swf Genetic Engineering

17. CLONING A clone is a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell Example:  Cloned colonies of bacteria (easy)  Multicellular organisms (difficult)

18. Use of cloning in humans raises serious ethical & moral issues

19. Issues in Biology http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/harvest/engineer/transg en.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/harvest/engineer/transg en.html text book page 330: 1) read the information 2) list the risks & benefits of GMOs 3) Write at least 3 complete sentences giving your opinion about whether stricter regulations are needed; give reasons for your opinion.

20. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using technology to make many copies of desired gene or DNA sequence

21. DNA “Fingerprinting” using Gel-Electrophoresis

22. http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter1 6/animations.html# http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter1 6/animations.html#