1. British India

2. First contact & trade 1498 – Vasco de Gama to Calicut Calicut thriving port of IO trade: pepper, ginger De Gama’s 2 nd trip yielded 3000% profit 1500 Pedro Cabral sent with fleet – zamindar agreed to allow warehouse with 54 resident merchants Cabral plundered Muslim trading ships – Portuguese factory wiped out (all dead) De Gama returned and bombarded Calicut

3. Vasco de Gama

4. Pedro Cabral

7. British East India Company

9. Goa – Europe’s first “Toehold” Alfonse de Albuquerque in charge, anti-Muslim “Sepoys” 1580 – Spain took possession of all Portuguese dominions, closed port of Lisbon to protestant traders (English, Dutch) 1588 – Spanish power crushed with sinking of Armada 1608 – British East India Company’s first visit to India at Surat (main Mughal port)

10. Alfonse de Albuquerque

12. Defeat of Spanish Armada 1588

13. Pre-Colonial Period Weakening of Mughal Empire allowed French to establish trading cities along coast British East India Company pushed French out by early 1800’s BEIC was chartered company that was publicly owned (i.e. joint stock company)

15. The British in India Factory at Surat founded Base at Surat used to destroy remaining Portuguese power 1611- First ship to reach East India (Coromandel coast)

16. Surat

17. Mughal fragmentation Attacks from Iran, Delhi sacked Indian city states asserted independence Maratha Confederation controlled central India Powerful princely states ruled by nawabs

19. The road to Raj – the BEIC BEIC hired sepoys to guard warehouses Deaths in custody of BEIC men at Calcutta fort provided pretense for attack Nawab of Bengal overthrown, right to rule recognized by Mughal Marantha Confederacy defeated – Bombay to BEIC Areas controlled by the BEIC: Calcutta, Madras, Bombay

21. The “John” Raj (rule of BEIC) As control over India spread, BEIC instituted western style government, infrastructure, etc. Some social changes, but few to avoid trouble Heavy reliance on military power: many Sepoy & European regiments Disarmament of 2 million Indian warriors Christian missionaries allowed in Institution of “private property”

23. BEIC Raj Nawabs kept happy with generous stipends (more than in past) Use of theater state tactics to cement rule, i.e. durbars Life for the poor got worse: new taxes

24. Nawab and Courtiers

25. Durbar

26. BEIC Raj economic impact Expansion of markets brought jobs for export goods (positive) British textiles put local producers out of business (negative) India drawn into colonial relationship (raw materials for manufactured goods)

27. Sepoy Rebellion Bengali sepoys asked to cross Arawaddy river into Burma (polluting) Enfield Rifle cartridges required biting but were greased with animal fat (polluting) 1857-1858 “Sepoy Rebellion” very damaging (sometimes called “Indian Mutiny” or “Revolution of 1857”)

28. Enfield Enfield Cartridge

31. Rule by the crown BEIC lost power, British crown took control w/ office in London, Viceroy in India Generally prosperous time for Indians: –1858: Queen Victoria granted Indians equal protection under law, freedom or religion and customs –Loyal princes could retain power –Creating of ICS to run country, positions by examination (meritocracy), but many excluded due to exams being given in England instead of India Queen Victoria declared Empress w/ durbar

32. Queen Victoria

33. Racism in the Raj Social Darwinist views Concern over Indian men and memsahibs (European women) mixing Contempt for Hindu ritual; christocentrism

34. “Memsahib”

36. Economic development under the Raj Areas cleared for Tea cultivation (esp. Assam) Export commodities grown: Cotton, jute, opium Infrastructure improvement: canals, rail, roads, postal service Steamboats, telegraphs, trains Unintended consequences of infrastructure improvement

41. British Opium Warehouse in Patna