1. CSCI N311: Oracle Database Programming 5-1 Chapter 15: Changing Data: insert, update, delete Insert Rollback Commit Update Delete Insert Statement –Allows you to insert a row or rows into tables or views. –Syntax1: INSERT INTO tablename / viewname ( column1, column2,... ) VALUES ( value1, value2,... ) –Syntax2: INSERT INTO tablename / viewname ( column1, column2,... ) subquery –Column names are optional, but then the values must be in order of the columns.

2. CSCI N311: Oracle Database Programming 5-2 Chapter 15: Changing Data: insert, update, delete Examples: –The following statement inserts a row into the DEPT table: INSERT INTO dept VALUES (50, ’PRODUCTION’, ’SAN FRANCISCO’) –The following statement inserts a row with six columns into the EMP table. One of these columns is assigned NULL and another is assigned a number in scientific notation: INSERT INTO emp (empno, ename, job, sal, comm, deptno) VALUES (7890, ’JINKS’, ’CLERK’, 1.2E3, NULL, 40) The following statement has the same effect: INSERT INTO (select empno, ename, job, sal, comm, deptno from emp) VALUES (7890, ’JINKS’, ’CLERK’, 1.2E3, NULL, 40) The following statement copies managers and presidents or employees whose commission exceeds 25% of their salary into the BONUS table: INSERT INTO bonus SELECT ename, job, sal, comm FROM emp WHERE comm > 0.25 * sal OR job IN (’PRESIDENT’, ’MANAGER’)

3. CSCI N311: Oracle Database Programming 5-3 Chapter 15: Changing Data: insert, update, delete Rollback / Commit: –These commands allow you to reverse changes, or make your changes permanent. –Example from book:

4. CSCI N311: Oracle Database Programming 5-4 Chapter 15: Changing Data: insert, update, delete Notes about Commit : –No special privileges are required for you to commit your work. –When sqlplus terminates or any other program which save data to Oracle, an implicit commit is issued for any open transactions. –Transactions begin when: –a SQL statement is first issued, –immediately after a commit, –immediately after a rollback. –Savepoint allows you to rollback to a specific point in a transaction. Example: UPDATE emp SET sal = 2000 WHERE ename = ’BLAKE’ SAVEPOINT blake_sal UPDATE emp SET sal = 1500 WHERE ename = ’CLARK’ SAVEPOINT clark_sal SELECT SUM(sal) FROM emp ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT blake_sal UPDATE emp SET sal = 1300 WHERE ename = ’CLARK’ COMMIT

5. CSCI N311: Oracle Database Programming 5-5 Chapter 15: Changing Data: insert, update, delete Delete: –The following statement deletes all rows from a table named TEMP_ASSIGN. DELETE FROM temp_assign –The following statement deletes from the employee table all sales staff who made less than $100 commission last month: DELETE FROM emp WHERE JOB = ’SALESMAN’ AND COMM < 100 –The following statement has the same effect: DELETE FROM (select * from emp) WHERE JOB = ’SALESMAN’ AND COMM < 100

6. CSCI N311: Oracle Database Programming 5-6 Chapter 15: Changing Data: insert, update, delete Update: –The following statement gives null commissions to all employees with the job TRAINEE: UPDATE emp SET comm = NULL WHERE job = ’TRAINEE’ –The following statement promotes JONES to manager of Department 20 with a $1,000 raise (assuming there is only one JONES): UPDATE emp SET job = ’MANAGER’, sal = sal + 1000, deptno = 20 WHERE ename = ’JONES’

7. CSCI N311: Oracle Database Programming 5-7 –Set the number of sets won to zero for all competitors resident in Stratford. UPDATE MATCHES SET WON = 0 WHERE PLAYERNO IN ( SELECT PLAYERNO FROM PLAYERS WHERE TOWN = ‘Stratford’) –Set all penalties lower than average to $10. UPDATE PENALTIES SET AMOUNT = 10 WHERE AMOUNT < ( SELECT AVG(AMOUNT) FROM PENALTIES) –Sets # of sets won and lost for match 2 same as match 1. UPDATE MATCHES SET ( WON, LOST ) = ( SELECT WON, LOST FROM MATCHES FROM MATCHES WHERE MATCHNO = 1 ) WHERE MATCHNO = 2 Additional UPDATE Examples

8. CSCI N311: Oracle Database Programming 5-8 Chapter 15: Changing Data: insert, update, delete Notes for Insert / Update / Delete: –For you to insert / update / delete values in a table, the table must be in your own schema or you must have INSERT / UPDATE / DELETE privilege on the table. –For you to insert / update / delete values in the base table of a view, the owner of the schema containing the view must have INSERT / UPDATE / DELETE privilege on the base table. Also, if the view is in a schema other than your own, you must have INSERT / UPDATE / DELETE privilege on the view. –You cannot insert / update / delete rows in a view if the view’s defining query contains one of the following constructs: –join –set operator –GROUP BY clause –group function –DISTINCT operator

9. CSCI N311: Oracle Database Programming 5-9 Update and Delete Questions –Increase all penalties which are higher than the average by 20%. –Update player #95’s data to reflect the fact that he has moved to the same address (street and town) as player #6. –Delete all players who live in the same town as player #44, but keep the data about player #44.

10. CSCI N311: Oracle Database Programming 5-10 Chapter 18: Creating, Dropping, and Altering Tables and Views Creating a Table: –Basic Syntax: CREATE TABLE tablename ( column_atype NOT NULL, column_btype,...); –Data Types: –CHAR( n ) character data of fixed size up to 2000 characters. –VARCHAR2( n ) variable length character data up to 4000 characters. –NUMBER integer data –NUMBER( n ) integer data, length n –NUMBER( m,n ) floating point data, m = total length of digits, n = digits after decimal point –DATE date/time data –Uncommon Data Types: –LONG Similar to VARCHAR2 but Oracle’s character functions cannot operate on this type. –RAW holds binary data, up to 255 bytes –LONG RAW holds large binary data, eg. sound, video, etc.

11. CSCI N311: Oracle Database Programming 5-11 Chapter 18: Creating, Dropping, and Altering Tables and Views Constraint Clauses: –Candidate Keys: Column(s) which uniquely identify rows in a table. This could be used as the primary key. –Primary Keys: Column(s) used to specify and enforce uniqueness among rows in a table. create table employee ( employee_idvarchar(8) not null, column x,...., primary key (employee_id) ) ; –Foreign Keys: Column(s) used to reference rows in another table. These values are actually the primary keys in the other table. alter table employee add constraint emp02 foreign key (dept_id) references department(dept_id); –Check Constraint: A constraint that forces a set of values (domain) for a column.

12. CSCI N311: Oracle Database Programming 5-12 Chapter 18: Creating, Dropping, and Altering Tables and Views Creating a Table from a Table: Includes the data: create table RAIN as select City, Precipitation from TROUBLE; Does not include the data, only the table definition: create table RAIN as select City, Precipitation from TROUBLE where 1=2;

13. CSCI N311: Oracle Database Programming 5-13 Chapter 18: Creating, Dropping, and Altering Tables and Views Constraint Examples: SQL> desc customer Name Null? Type ------------------------------- -------- ---- ID NUMBER NAME VARCHAR2(40) STATE CHAR(2) SQL> desc state2 Name Null? Type ------------------------------- -------- ---- STATE_CODE NOT NULL CHAR(2) STATE_NAME VARCHAR2(50) SQL> alter table state2 2 add constraint PK_State2 3 primary key (state_code); Table altered. SQL> alter table customer 2 add constraint cust_anotherone 3 foreign key (state) 4 references state2(state_code); Table altered.

14. CSCI N311: Oracle Database Programming 5-14 Chapter 18: Creating, Dropping, and Altering Tables and Views Dropping Tables (p. 375): DROP TABLE tablename; –Dropping a table removes the table, both it’s data and definition. Truncating Tables (p. 321, 375): TRUNC TABLE tablename; –Truncating a table removes only the data. –Table’s definition is still available. Altering Tables: Tables can be altered to: –change column definitions, –add new columns, –enable or disable constraints constraints, –or change storage parameters. Problem: Adding NOT NULL to column definitions. ALTER TABLE emp ADD (thriftplan NUMBER(7,2), loancode CHAR(1) NOT NULL); ALTER TABLE emp MODIFY (thriftplan NUMBER(9,2));

15. CSCI N311: Oracle Database Programming 5-15 Chapter 18: Creating, Dropping, and Altering Tables and Views Views –Special considerations about views: You cannot insert if the underlying table has any NOT NULL columns that are not in the view. You cannot insert/update if any one of the view’s columns referenced in the insert/update contains functions or calculations. You cannot insert/update/delete if the view contains group by, distinct, or a reference to rownum. –View Stability: dropping the underlying tables of a view prevents the view from working. altering the underlying tables of a view are OK. –Order By in Views: ORDER BY does not work in views! GROUP BY still consolidates rows in views, a side affect of GROUP BY is ordering rows. –READ ONLY: The read only clause prevents update/insert/delete of rows in a view.

16. CSCI N311: Oracle Database Programming 5-16 Chapter 18: Creating, Dropping, and Altering Tables and Views New with Oracle8: –Index-Only Tables: stores data as if all data is in an index. Faster access. –Partitioned Tables: breaks up data in a table into partitions, faster for access for huge tables, easier to manage load/backup/recover.