2. The Cardiovascular System

3. The circulatory system is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels It allows blood to flow to all parts of the body. It delivers nutrients and essential materials to cells and removes waste products.

4. The heart acts as two pumps: –the right pushes blood into the lungs where oxygen is picked –the left pushes blood to the arteries where it is delivered to the rest of the body.

5. The Closed Circulatory System Humans have a closed circulatory system, –typical of all vertebrates –blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from the other fluids. –The heart pumps blood into large vessels that branch into smaller ones leading into the organs. –Materials are exchanged by diffusion between the blood and the interstitial fluid bathing the cells.

6. The Cardiovascular System Three Major Elements – Heart, Blood Vessels, & Blood 1. The Heart - cardiac muscle tissue –highly interconnected cells –four chambers Right atrium Right ventricle Left atrium Left ventricle

7. Heart Heart: –Hollow, pump-like organ for blood circulation – composed mainly of cardiac tissue – located in the chest between the lungs – Contains four chambers.

8. Atrium ATRIUM: The two upper chambers on each side of the heart receive blood from the veins and force it into the ventricles.

9. Ventricle VENTRICLE: The two lower chambers on each side of the heart receive blood from the atrium and force it into the arteries.

10. Aorta AORTA: The large artery that carries blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the rest of the body.

12. Valves VALVES: A membrane that prevents the backward flow of blood.

13. Septum SEPTUM: A thin wall/membrane that separates the chambers of the heart.

15. Blood flows in ONE direction through the heart.

16. Pathway of the blood Superior Vena Cava Right Atrium Tricuspid Valve Right Ventricle Pulmonary Valve Pulmonary artery Lungs Pulmonary Vein Left atrium Bicuspid or Mitral Valve Left Ventricle Aortic Valve Aorta To the bodies organs & cells

18. Circuits Pulmonary circuit –The blood pathway between the right side of the heart, to the lungs, and back to the left side of the heart. Systemic circuit –The pathway between the left and right sides of the heart.

20. Blood Vessels -A network of tubes where gas exchange takes place. –Works with the Respiratory System –Veins  Venules move blood towards the heart One way valves

21. Arteries Arteries  arterioles- – a blood vessel that transports blood from the heart to any part of the body. –Artery=AWAY

22. Capillaries Capillaries: –A network of vessels –one cell thick –located throughout the body for the exchange of oxygen, waste products, and carbon dioxide between blood and tissue cells.

24. BLOOD: –transports digested food and oxygen to cells – formed in the bone marrow. – carries carbon dioxide and other waste products away from cells to be excreted from the body.

25. Blood A fluid circulates in the vascular system Made up of plasma and three types of cells suspended in the plasma.

26. The Blood Plasma-Liquid portion of the blood. Contains clotting factors, hormones, antibodies, dissolved gases, nutrients and waste.

27. The Blood Erythrocytes - Red Blood Cells (RBC) –carry hemoglobin and oxygen to the cells of the body. –live about 120 days. –Cannot repair themselves.

28. The Blood Leukocytes – White Blood cells (WBC) –Fight infection and are formed in the bone marrow –Five types – neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes.

29. The Blood Thrombocytes – Platelets –They clot blood by sticking together – by protein fibers called fibrin. –http://www.pennhealth.com/health_info/anima tionplayer/clotting.html

31. The Blood Hemoglobin –pigment of red blood cells –carries oxygen to the tissues:

32. Blood types Blood comes in four different types: A,B,AB, and O. Let’s learn about them. http://www.givelife2.org/ab outblood/bloodtypes.asp

33. Type O: –known as a universal donor. –they don’t have any proteins on the surface of their cell. Type A – has both A and B – they can receive blood from either A or B. –known as a universal recipient.

34. Blood types When a person loses a lot of blood, they can only receive that same type of blood as their own or the universal blood type O. Mixing can cause the blood to clump together. The clumped cells may form blood clots, which block the vessels causing death to occur.

35. The Blood Antigen -A substance that when introduced into the body stimulates the production of an antibody. toxins, bacteria, foreign blood cells, and the cells of transplanted organs.

36. antibodies Antibodies: Proteins in the blood that are produced by the body in response to specific antigens (such as bacteria).

37. Blood types Different blood types have different chemicals on their RBC’s surfaces and different chemicals (antibodies) in their plasma.

38. antibiotic Antibiotic: Proteins that fight off invading substances or pathogens.

39. When your body fights off a pathogen it helps body develop immunity. The cells makes a copy of how to fight the pathogen and keeps it stored in the DNA for future use, in case that pathogen shows up again.

40. immunity The protection of the body from a disease caused by an infectious agent, such as a bacterium or virus. Immunity may be natural (that is, inherited) or acquired.

41. Lymphatic System As blood flows through your cardiovascular system, fluid leaks out of the capillaries and mixes with the fluid that baths your cells. Most of the fluid is reabsorbed by the capillaries, but some is not. To deal with this the body collects the excess fluid and returns it to your blood.

42. Lymphatic system The lymphatic system helps your body fight pathogens and returns fluid to the blood.

43. Has a doctor ever felt around your neck when you were sick. He was feeling your lymph nodes. Lymph nodes may become enlarged when they are actively fighting infection.

44. Lymph Nodes: –Small, rounded structures along the small vessels of the lymphatic system. –produce disease-fighting white blood cells and filter out harmful microorganisms and toxins from the lymph.white blood cellsmicroorganisms toxinslymph

45. Disorders of the Circulatory System Anemia - lack of iron in the blood, low RBC count Leukemia - white blood cells proliferate wildly, causing anemia Hemophilia - bleeder’s disease, due to lack of fibrinogen in thrombocytes Heart Murmur - abnormal heart beat, caused by valve problems Heart attack - blood vessels around the heart become blocked with plaque, also called myocardial infarction