2. 30 - 1 Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2002 Public Goods Demand for a Public Good Optimal Amount of a Public Good Cost-Benefit Analysis Spillover Costs and Benefits Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction Solid-Waste Disposal and Recycling Key Terms Previous Slide Next Slide End Show Government And Market Failure 30 C H A P T E R

3. 30 - 2 Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2002 Public Goods Demand for a Public Good Optimal Amount of a Public Good Cost-Benefit Analysis Spillover Costs and Benefits Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction Solid-Waste Disposal and Recycling Key Terms Previous Slide Next Slide End Show Private Goods Divisibility Demand Curve is Horizontal Summation Public Goods Indivisible PUBLIC GOODS

4. 30 - 3 Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2002 Public Goods Demand for a Public Good Optimal Amount of a Public Good Cost-Benefit Analysis Spillover Costs and Benefits Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction Solid-Waste Disposal and Recycling Key Terms Previous Slide Next Slide End Show Problems of Revealing Preferences Quantity Adams’ Willingness to pay (price) Benson’s Willingness to pay (price) Collective Willingness to pay (price) 1 DEMAND FOR A PUBLIC GOOD Exclusion Principle does not apply

5. 30 - 4 Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2002 Public Goods Demand for a Public Good Optimal Amount of a Public Good Cost-Benefit Analysis Spillover Costs and Benefits Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction Solid-Waste Disposal and Recycling Key Terms Previous Slide Next Slide End Show Problems of Revealing Preferences Quantity Adams’ Willingness to pay (price) Benson’s Willingness to pay (price) Collective Willingness to pay (price) 1$4$5$9+= DEMAND FOR A PUBLIC GOOD

6. 30 - 5 Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2002 Public Goods Demand for a Public Good Optimal Amount of a Public Good Cost-Benefit Analysis Spillover Costs and Benefits Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction Solid-Waste Disposal and Recycling Key Terms Previous Slide Next Slide End Show Problems of Revealing Preferences Quantity Adams’ Willingness to pay (price) Benson’s Willingness to pay (price) Collective Willingness to pay (price) 1212 $4 3 $5 4 $9 7 ++++ ==== DEMAND FOR A PUBLIC GOOD

7. 30 - 6 Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2002 Public Goods Demand for a Public Good Optimal Amount of a Public Good Cost-Benefit Analysis Spillover Costs and Benefits Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction Solid-Waste Disposal and Recycling Key Terms Previous Slide Next Slide End Show Problems of Revealing Preferences Quantity Adams’ Willingness to pay (price) Benson’s Willingness to pay (price) Collective Willingness to pay (price) 123123 $4 3 2 $5 4 3 $9 7 5 ++++++ ====== DEMAND FOR A PUBLIC GOOD

8. 30 - 7 Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2002 Public Goods Demand for a Public Good Optimal Amount of a Public Good Cost-Benefit Analysis Spillover Costs and Benefits Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction Solid-Waste Disposal and Recycling Key Terms Previous Slide Next Slide End Show Problems of Revealing Preferences Quantity Adams’ Willingness to pay (price) Benson’s Willingness to pay (price) Collective Willingness to pay (price) 12341234 $4 3 2 1 $5 4 3 2 $9 7 5 3 ++++++++ ======== DEMAND FOR A PUBLIC GOOD

9. 30 - 8 Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2002 Public Goods Demand for a Public Good Optimal Amount of a Public Good Cost-Benefit Analysis Spillover Costs and Benefits Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction Solid-Waste Disposal and Recycling Key Terms Previous Slide Next Slide End Show Problems of Revealing Preferences Quantity Adams’ Willingness to pay (price) Benson’s Willingness to pay (price) Collective Willingness to pay (price) 1234512345 $4 3 2 1 0 $5 4 3 2 1 $9 7 5 3 1 ++++++++++ ========== DEMAND FOR A PUBLIC GOOD

10. 30 - 9 Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2002 Public Goods Demand for a Public Good Optimal Amount of a Public Good Cost-Benefit Analysis Spillover Costs and Benefits Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction Solid-Waste Disposal and Recycling Key Terms Previous Slide Next Slide End Show P Q $ 9 7 5 3 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 OPTIMAL AMOUNT OF A PUBLIC GOOD Adams’ willingness to pay D1D1

11. 30 - 10 Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2002 Public Goods Demand for a Public Good Optimal Amount of a Public Good Cost-Benefit Analysis Spillover Costs and Benefits Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction Solid-Waste Disposal and Recycling Key Terms Previous Slide Next Slide End Show P Q $ 9 7 5 3 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 OPTIMAL AMOUNT OF A PUBLIC GOOD Benson’s willingness to pay D2D2 D1D1

12. 30 - 11 Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2002 Public Goods Demand for a Public Good Optimal Amount of a Public Good Cost-Benefit Analysis Spillover Costs and Benefits Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction Solid-Waste Disposal and Recycling Key Terms Previous Slide Next Slide End Show P Q $ 9 7 5 3 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 DCDC OPTIMAL AMOUNT OF A PUBLIC GOOD When vertically added equals collective willingness to pay D2D2 D1D1

13. 30 - 12 Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2002 Public Goods Demand for a Public Good Optimal Amount of a Public Good Cost-Benefit Analysis Spillover Costs and Benefits Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction Solid-Waste Disposal and Recycling Key Terms Previous Slide Next Slide End Show P Q $ 9 7 5 3 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 The public good’s marginal Cost as shown by S DCDC S OPTIMAL AMOUNT OF A PUBLIC GOOD

14. 30 - 13 Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2002 Public Goods Demand for a Public Good Optimal Amount of a Public Good Cost-Benefit Analysis Spillover Costs and Benefits Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction Solid-Waste Disposal and Recycling Key Terms Previous Slide Next Slide End Show P Q $ 9 7 5 3 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 DCDC S OPTIMAL AMOUNT OF A PUBLIC GOOD Yields the optimum amount of the public good MB = MC

15. 30 - 14 Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2002 Public Goods Demand for a Public Good Optimal Amount of a Public Good Cost-Benefit Analysis Spillover Costs and Benefits Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction Solid-Waste Disposal and Recycling Key Terms Previous Slide Next Slide End Show COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS Marginal Cost = Marginal Benefit Rule Spillover Costs Overallocation Spillover Benefits Underallocation Externalities

16. 30 - 15 Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2002 Public Goods Demand for a Public Good Optimal Amount of a Public Good Cost-Benefit Analysis Spillover Costs and Benefits Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction Solid-Waste Disposal and Recycling Key Terms Previous Slide Next Slide End Show P Q SPILLOVER COSTS AND BENEFITS D 0 Spillover costs StSt S Overallocation Q0Q0 QeQe

17. 30 - 16 Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2002 Public Goods Demand for a Public Good Optimal Amount of a Public Good Cost-Benefit Analysis Spillover Costs and Benefits Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction Solid-Waste Disposal and Recycling Key Terms Previous Slide Next Slide End Show P Q SPILLOVER COSTS AND BENEFITS 0 QeQe Q0Q0 D DtDt Spillover Benefits StSt Underallocation

18. 30 - 17 Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2002 Public Goods Demand for a Public Good Optimal Amount of a Public Good Cost-Benefit Analysis Spillover Costs and Benefits Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction Solid-Waste Disposal and Recycling Key Terms Previous Slide Next Slide End Show Coase Theorem Liability Rules and Lawsuits Government Intervention Direct Controls Specific Taxes Individual Bargaining SPILLOVER COSTS AND BENEFITS Subsidies and Government Provision

19. 30 - 18 Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2002 Public Goods Demand for a Public Good Optimal Amount of a Public Good Cost-Benefit Analysis Spillover Costs and Benefits Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction Solid-Waste Disposal and Recycling Key Terms Previous Slide Next Slide End Show P Q CORRECTING SPILLOVER COSTS D 0 Spillover costs StSt S TAX Overallocation Corrected Q0Q0 QeQe

20. 30 - 19 Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2002 Public Goods Demand for a Public Good Optimal Amount of a Public Good Cost-Benefit Analysis Spillover Costs and Benefits Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction Solid-Waste Disposal and Recycling Key Terms Previous Slide Next Slide End Show P Q CORRECTING SPILLOVER BENFITS 0 Q0Q0 QeQe D S DtDt Spillover Benefits Underallocation

21. 30 - 20 Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2002 Public Goods Demand for a Public Good Optimal Amount of a Public Good Cost-Benefit Analysis Spillover Costs and Benefits Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction Solid-Waste Disposal and Recycling Key Terms Previous Slide Next Slide End Show P Q CORRECTING SPILLOVER BENFITS 0 Q0Q0 QeQe D S DtDt Subsidy to consumer increases demand Underallocation Corrected Correcting by Subsidy to Consumers

22. 30 - 21 Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2002 Public Goods Demand for a Public Good Optimal Amount of a Public Good Cost-Benefit Analysis Spillover Costs and Benefits Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction Solid-Waste Disposal and Recycling Key Terms Previous Slide Next Slide End Show P Q D 0 Subsidy to producers increases supply StSt S’ t Underallocation Corrected QeQe Q0Q0 Correcting by Subsidy to Producers CORRECTING SPILLOVER BENFITS

23. 30 - 22 Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2002 Public Goods Demand for a Public Good Optimal Amount of a Public Good Cost-Benefit Analysis Spillover Costs and Benefits Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction Solid-Waste Disposal and Recycling Key Terms Previous Slide Next Slide End Show A MARKET-BASED APPROACH TO SPILLOVER COSTS The Tragedy of the Commons A Market for Externality Rights Operation of the Market Advantages S = Supply of pollution rights D 2012 Price per pollution right Quantity of pollution rights 500 750 1000 $200 $100 D 2002

24. 30 - 23 Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2002 Public Goods Demand for a Public Good Optimal Amount of a Public Good Cost-Benefit Analysis Spillover Costs and Benefits Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction Solid-Waste Disposal and Recycling Key Terms Previous Slide Next Slide End Show SOCIETY’S OPTIMAL AMOUNT OF EXTERNALITY REDUCTION Application of MC = MB Rule MC – MB Equilibrium Optimal Reduction of an Externality Shifts in the Curves Graphically…

25. 30 - 24 Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2002 Public Goods Demand for a Public Good Optimal Amount of a Public Good Cost-Benefit Analysis Spillover Costs and Benefits Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction Solid-Waste Disposal and Recycling Key Terms Previous Slide Next Slide End Show SOCIETY’S OPTIMAL AMOUNT OF EXTERNALITY REDUCTION MC MB Socially optimum amount of pollution abatement 0 Society’s marginal benefit and marginal cost of pollution abatement Amount of pollution abatement Q1Q1

26. 30 - 25 Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2002 Public Goods Demand for a Public Good Optimal Amount of a Public Good Cost-Benefit Analysis Spillover Costs and Benefits Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction Solid-Waste Disposal and Recycling Key Terms Previous Slide Next Slide End Show The Law of Conservation of Matter and Energy Market for Recyclable Inputs Policy Demand Incentives Supply Incentives Global Warming Theory SOLID-WASTE DISPOSAL AND RECYCLING

27. 30 - 26 Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2002 Public Goods Demand for a Public Good Optimal Amount of a Public Good Cost-Benefit Analysis Spillover Costs and Benefits Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction Solid-Waste Disposal and Recycling Key Terms Previous Slide Next Slide End Show Information Failures Inadequate information about sellers Inadequate information about buyers Moral Hazard Problem Adverse Selection Problem Workplace Safety Asymmetric Information SOLID-WASTE DISPOSAL AND RECYCLING

28. 30 - 27 Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2002 Public Goods Demand for a Public Good Optimal Amount of a Public Good Cost-Benefit Analysis Spillover Costs and Benefits Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction Solid-Waste Disposal and Recycling Key Terms Previous Slide Next Slide End Show Chapter Conclusions

29. cost-benefit analysis Marginal-cost – marginal-benefit rule externalities Coase theorem tragedy of the commons market for externality rights optimal reduction of an externality law of conservation of matter and energy asymmetric information moral hazard problem adverse selection problem ENDBACK Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2002

30. 30 - 29 Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2002 Public Goods Demand for a Public Good Optimal Amount of a Public Good Cost-Benefit Analysis Spillover Costs and Benefits Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction Solid-Waste Disposal and Recycling Key Terms Previous Slide Next Slide End Show Next: Public Choice Theory And The Economics of Taxation Chapter 31