1. WIKI PART 2

2.  Presenting words in audio coupled with graphics, rather than on- screen text, results in significant learning gains

3.  People have separate information processing channels for visual/pictorial processing and auditory/verbal processing  Graphics and text process in the same channel and must compete for some limited visual attention  Presenting verbal explanations limits the load on the visual channel

4.  When presented with text that is explaining attached graphics creates an overload on the visual/pictorial channel  The channel has to process both the text and the graphics  An overload on the visual channel can be avoided by replacing the text with an audio narration  E-Learning courses should avoid overloading when possible

5.  According to studies taken by Clark & Mayer (2008) when words were spoken explaining graphics rather than printed explanations only, students performed at a much higher rate  Audio narrations give the learner the opportunity to view the graphic and listen to the explanation simultaneously using two different channels in the brain  This prevents an overloading of both channels

6.  People learn more deeply from multimedia lessons when words explaining concurrent graphics are presented as speech rather than as on-screen text  For example this colony development graphic should be presented as speech instead of text only The Modality Effect

7.  The material being presented is complex and moving at a fast rate  Only when using text and graphics together

8. References Clark, R. C., & Mayer, R. E. (2008). E-Learning and the science of instruction: Proven guidelines for consumer and designer of multimedia learning. (2nd ed.) San Francisco, CA: Pfeiffer.