1. Origins of Christianity: Jerusalem at time of Jesus 1.Roman paganism: Blend Greek/Roman gods Jerusalem: “Religious supermarket:” many gods available for health, agriculture, childbirth, and new religions. 2.Roman province of Palestine: Religious tension: Jewish temple and priests (called “corrupt,” “impure”)— Don’t allow statues Roman kings/Gods. Breakaway groups of Jews. 3.Radical idea of Judaism: God has moral role triumph good over evil, social justice  led to belief that God would send messiah.

2. Christianity: Life of Jesus 1.Jesus of Nazareth, 6 BCE-33 CE 2.Jewish, like disciples; worshipped at synagogue; celebrate Jewish festivals; pilgrimage Jerusalem 3.Preached new ideas; attracts disciples, esp. poor 4.“Render unto Caesar what is Caesar’s and unto God what is God’s” 5.Crucified.

3. Paul (3 BCE—64 or 67 CE) 1.Jewish 2.Travels around Mediterranean converting Jews and Pagans to Jesus movement. Pax Romana made travel easy. 3.He transforms Jesus’s message: Jesus is Lord and Savior: Christ (Christos in Greek)=Messiah (savior) Must confess sins to be saved: Jesus died and resurrected for your sins.

4. Paul’s Aegean Mission Source: PBS.org

9. Attraction of Christianity 1.Afterlife is free of sickness, poverty and isolation. 2.All can achieve salvation 3.Hospitals, care of widows, etc. Also spreads because: 1.Roman infrastructure 2.Emperor constantine’s conversion to Christianity

10. Constantine, reigns 306-337 CE 1.Christian population large by 300 CE; a lot of persecution. 2.Constantine rules Eastern Empire. Has vision of Cross in battle and is victorious. 3.Edict of Milan (313 CE): Constantine makes Christianity official religion. Christianity is moral message AND political force. 4.Theodosian code (391 CE): Christianity becomes only religion allowed: Kingdom of God=Kingdom of World. Compare to the spread of Buddhism during the late Tang Dynasty: how do governments respond to social movements?

11. Summary of Philosophies: What is a Just Society? PhilosophyGreco-Roman:Judaism:Christianity: HumanismEthical MonotheismUniversal Monotheism Origin of Justice: How achieve justice: Who is included: Role of God(s): Reason  Humans discover Wisdom  Law (Cicero) Wisdom and law revealed by God; Humans use Reason to follow or not Jesus is model; died for others Citizenship: Political obligation Citizens=Male property owners (Romans expand 212 CE) Hundreds: each unique characteristic Obligated to “repair world” (social justice)  follow laws to bring about new world Universal God; covenant with God’s chosen (Hebrews) One God: moral guide; reward good; punish evil Faith, Forgiveness, Love one’s enemy to overcome “original sin” Universal: all can achieve salvation (“Kingdom of God”) through faith, especially poor Trinity: God, Jesus (son of God), Holy spirit Judges all who die

12. Source: Pearson Education Byzantine Empire, 527 CE (after Roman collapse)

13.  Criteria for a Just Society: Comparing Philosophies  plot philosophies along each spectrum 1. Hierarchy v. Equality 2. Conformity v. Pluralism 3. General will v. Individual Rights Community Individual Hierarchy/Authority Equality Conformity/Intolerance Pluralism/Free Inquiry