1. Phonetics: A lecture Raung-fu Chung Southern Taiwan University rfchung@mail.nsysu.edu.tw

2. Spech Chain

3. Phonetics: 1.Articulatory phonetics 2.Auditory phonetics 3.Acoustic phonetics

4. Articulatory phonetics

5. Phonation:

6. Place of articulation: 1. lips 2. coronal 3. Dorsal

7. Place structure Place labial coronal dorsa [round] [ant] [strid] [hh] [low] [bk] Ant= anterior, Strid=strident, hi=high, bk=back

8. vibrationF:\A nimation1.gifF:\A nimation1.gif Phonation: vibration of the cords

9. Acoustics: Sound Waves Aperiodical & periodical waves Aperiodical waves Periodical waves

10. 1. Cycle 2. Frequency 3. Amplitude Frequency: cycles/time Hz= cycles/second

11. Four elements of sounds: a. loudness: amplitude b. pitch: frequency c. duration: waves in time d. quality: waveforms in periodicality

12. Loudness & intensity

13. Sound properties:larynx and tongue

14. Above: larynx and tongue

15. Reflected in waveforms:

16. Further detailed

17. Interface: complicated process of sound production

18. Vowel quality: formants

19. Formant tracing: Chinese [shi]

20. What is a formant? Ladefoged: A group of overtones corresponding to a resonating frequency of the air in the vocal tract. [P.293] Laver: They (formants) represent the acoustic consequences of the changing shapes of the mouth and pharynx in terms of the varying frequency-values of the resonances of the vocal tract. [P.103) Pickett: In speech, the resonances of the vocal tract are called formants.[P.23]

21. Vocal tract and its type in vowels: Pickett 1999:41

22. Vocal tract as a tube:

23. Vocal tract shapes for vowels:

24. Know further? 1.The length from the lips to glottis is about 17 cm 2.The lowest frequency at which such a tube resonates will have a wavelength ( ) 4 times the length of the tube: = 4 x 17 cm = 68 cm 3. The formula for the frequencies of the vocal tract resonance are: F1= c/ ( =4 l, where 1= the length of the tube=17cm) c=34400cm (a constant number for the velocity in the open air) F2=3c/ F3=5c/

25. Formants of English vowels (Olive 1993)

26. Formants of a student’s English vowels

27. F1 & F2: a vowel chart

28. English vowel chart:

29. Vowels in other languages Southern Min (12 males)