1. The Unification of Germany 1862 - 1871 Key men in power 1861 King William 1 of Prussia 1859 von Roon, Prussian Minister of War von Moltke, Chief of Prussian General Staff 1862 Bismarck Minister-President and Foreign Minister. Factors unifying Germany o Economic – Zollverein, railways, industry o Political – events, Bismarck, others’ errors o Military – armies, leaders Which was most important? Did Bismarck plan it all or did he take the opportunity when it arose? Factors unifying Germany o Economic – Zollverein, railways, industry o Political – events, Bismarck, others’ errors o Military – armies, leaders Which was most important? Did Bismarck plan it all or did he take the opportunity when it arose?

2. Economic Compare growth with Austria

3. Economic 2 AustriaPrussiaFrance Military 1850434,000131,000439,000 1866275,000214,000458,000 1870252,000319,000452,000 Railways (km) 18501,5795,8562,915 18709,58918,87615,544 Note: 1866 Prussia’s ally, Italy had an army of 233,000

4. Political 1 Constitutional Crisis Plan to expand and modernise Prussian army. Budget for this refused by liberal dominated Landtag. – Army training 2-3 years (full time) – Landwehr (part time soldiers) abolished – Extra 49 regiments – Cost 9 mill thalers (£1.5 mill) – New weapons – Standing army to be 230,000 – 450,000

5. Constitutional Crisis ctd. Bismarck failed to persuade Landtag to pass budget. His thoughts are expressed below “Germany looks not to Prussia’s liberalism but to her power. Not by parliamentary speeches and majority verdicts will the great questions of the day be determined – that was the great mistake of 1848 and 1849 – but by iron and blood.”

6. Bismarck meant Iron and blood = Prussian military strength ie, war will unite Germany Historian, Richards “Affairs were arranged not by right but by might” The crisis was sorted by Bismarck ignoring Landtag. He approved the plan himself

7. Sub - conclusion Solving the constitutional crisis is an example of Bismarck’s opportunism and realpolitik in the steps to unification. Opportunism: taking advantage of opportunities that present themselves Realpolitik: doing what is practical vs what is ideal (Bismarck’s aim: Prussia to lead the German nation)

8. Schleswig-Holstein Crisis & war with Denmark 1864 Political 2 Treaty of London 1852: Christian of Glucksburg next in line to Danish throne. Would get Duchies of S and H as well. German duke of Augustenberg also had claim to Duchies but agrees to give up his family claim.

9. Schleswig-Holstein Crisis & war with Denmark 1864 Political 2 1863 Danish King Christian IX proposes – Reform of Danish constitution to make Schleswig Danish – Bind Holstein closer to Denmark too. – CRISIS! German nationalists protest. Bund sends troops as protection for Germans in S and H. – More opportunity for Bismarck to get power for Prussia

10. Danish defeat 1864 Convention of Gastein 1865 – Example of realpolitik Prussia to rule Schleswig Austria to rule Holstein Bund has no jurisdiction in either Bismarck really wanted to annex both Duchies to have control of naval base at Kiel, Holstein

11. War with Austria 1866 Political 3 Example of Bismarck planning for war with Austria? October 1865, Biarritz. Bismarck and Napoleon III meet. No minutes of meeting B seems to have negotiated a promise from Nap: France will be neutral if any war Prussia vs Austria. It is likely in return, Nap was promised territorial compensation, “wherever French was spoken”, ie Belgium. Nap also had alliance with Austria, so he couldn’t lose!

12. Alliance with Italy, April 1866 Austria was obstacle to Italian unification: Venetia ruled by Austria, Italy wants it. Bismarck persuades Italians to ally with Prussia. Italy will support Prussia in a war with Austria if Austria declares war first and within 3 months In return Italy will get Venetia.

13. How does war break out? Austrian/Prussian talks over S/H break down. Austria refers problem of Duchies to the Bund. Bismarck sends troops into Holstein. Austrian troops withdraw peacefully Bismarck proposes – Austria is excluded from the Confederation – National Parliament to be elected by universal suffrage – All troops in Northern Germany to be under Prussian command

14. How does war break out? 2 Austria asks Bund to reject Prussian ideas and to mobilise for war. Prussia withdraws from Bund and invites all other German states as allies vs Austria. BUT most mobilise against Prussia! Bismarck issues ultimatum to 3 states: Hesse Cassel, Saxony, Hanover. They reject ultimatum. Prussian troops invade HC, S and H German civil war!

15. Austro-Prussian War, 1866 ‘The Seven Weeks War’ 3 Fronts 1)North – Hesse-Cassel, Saxony: no resistance but Saxony army goes to Bohemia to help Austria. Hanover defeated by June. 2)South – Italy holds up 200,000 Austrian troops. Heavy casualties. Helps Prussia. 3)Austria (+ Saxony). 3 July 1866 Prussian victory at Konniggratz (Sadowa). Armies balanced in number but Prussians better weapons too much for Austrians Bismarck hailed as hero in Prussia. Promoted to Major General. Wears uniform more often. Significance of victory – justifies army budget and reforms.

16. After the war Bismarck is lenient with Austria: “We have to avoid wounding Austria too severely, we have to avoid leaving behind in her unnecessary bitterness or feeling or desire for revenge. We ought to keep the possibility of becoming friends again.” Bismarck has what he wanted. Austria out of German affairs. Example of opportunity or plan?

17. Treaty of Prague 1866 Italy gets Venetia Prussia annexes S + H, Hesse C, Frankfurt and Hanover (4 million) Austria agrees to take no further part in German affairs. No land lost. Small indemnity to pay. Bund is dissolved North German Confederation formed out of 21 states north of River Main (Prussia leads)

18. North German Confederation Dominated by Prussia All states north of River Main are members Not a voluntary confederation The State has rights to Make war and peace Decide foreign policy Member states decide own internal affairs President of NGC = Prussian King. He chooses heads of armed forces and Chancellor. 2 houses Bundesrat – dominated by Prussians Reichstag

19. The Franco-Prussian War 1870-1871 Political 4 The Spanish Candidacy 1869 -70 1868 Isabella of Spain is deposed. William I’s nephew, Leopold of Hohenzollern is Roman Catholic. Spanish Gvt make offer of throne, 1870 William I not keen as feared Nap III would see it as encirclement of France by Germans. Bismarck secretly persuades Spanish Gvt and Leopold to accept. They do. French find out before it is officially announced and are very angry. “The interests and honour of France are now in peril” Count Benedetti visits William I in Ems, Holland. William assures Benedetti Prussia is friends with France. Leopold’s father withdraws candidacy. Crisis resolved?

20. The Ems telegram