1. CHAPTER 3 – MODERN BIOLOGY BIOCHEMISTRY

2. 3-1: CARBON COMPOUNDS CARBON IS ESSENTIAL FOR LIFE !!! Carbon helps to build most essential compounds Carbon’s structure – readily makes 4 covalent bonds

3. DIFFERENT CARBON BOND SHAPES Branched chains Straight Chains Rings

4. ORGANIC V. INORGANIC  Organic Compounds:  contains the element carbon  4 Types:  Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Proteins  Most of these are found in foods you eat.  Inorganic Compounds:  DO NOT contain carbon  HCl (acid), Sodium chloride (table salt)  EXCEPTIONS: CO, CO 2  Organisms contain many inorganic compounds as well as organic compounds.

5. MACROMOLECULES Monomer – building block of a macromolecule Polymer – large molecule made of monomers Example: Amino acids (Mono) build Proteins (Poly)

6. CARBON BASED LIFE All life is carbon based! But why?? WRITE/PAIR/SHARE In 2 lines, explain why carbon is the basis for all life on Earth. This was in the Crash Course video!

7. IPADS & MOLYMODS Groups are going to be split between 2 activities iPad----Launch “Molecules” app and follow instructions in packet Molymods----Will follow instructions on page 2, be sure to read everything before doing anything!

8. EXIT TICKET In 2 lines, explain why carbon is able to make so many different shapes/compounds…think ELECTRONS!!! Carbon is a “tramp”….

9. CONDENSATION REACTION (DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS) Build molecules Water is produced as a byproduct because an H+ and an OH- is removed (makes H20!)

10. HYDROLYSIS REACTION Break down molecules Water is split to break molecules apart

11.  An energy-rich organic compound  C, H, O  Examples: sugars, starches  MONOMERS: monosaccharides CARBOHYDRATES

12. MORE ABOUT CARBS  Plants make sugars during the food-making process.  Sugar molecules can combine to form large molecules:  Starches – plants stored energy  Complex carbohydrates

13.  You take in carbohydrates from your food (potatoes, pasta, rice and bread)  In your body:  Starch  glucose (cellular energy)  Carbohydrates make up essential parts of cell walls and cell membranes

14. LIPIDS  Energy-rich organic compounds  C, H, O  Found as part of many foods  MONOMERS: fatty acids & glycerol

15. MORE ABOUT YO FATS  Cells store energy in lipids for later use.  Cell membranes are made mainly of lipids.

16. MO’ FATS Examples in living things include: oils (triglycerides) waxes Steroids Sterols (like cholesterols) Phospholipids NOT SOLUBLE IN WATER!

17. PROTEINS  Large organic molecules  C, H, O, N (sometimes S)  Found in meat, eggs, fish, nuts & beans.  MONOMERS: amino acids

18. GET ME SOME PROTEIN  Structure of Proteins:  20 different amino acids  Combined in numerous ways to form MILLIONS of proteins  Number, order and type of amino acid determines the protein  DNA directs proteins

19.  Function of Proteins:  Much of the structure of cells is made up of proteins.  Proteins form parts of cell membranes and make up many organelles within the cell.

20. ENZYMES A.K.A FANCY PROTEINS  Speeds up a chemical reactions in a living thing  Without enzymes:  Would either take too long or not occur at all.  Lock & Key Theory – Substrate (chemical it works on) has a specific shape to fit into a specific enzyme

21. ENZYMES -generally end in “-ASE” PEPSIN IS ONE EXCEPTION: PEPSIN IN STOMACH ACID *LIMITED BY pH, TEMPERATURE, and CONCENTRATION LEVELS THEY DON’T ALWAYS WORK! THERE ARE RANGES

22. NUCLEIC ACIDS  Very long organic molecules  C, H, O, N, P  Contain the instructions cells need to carry out all the functions of life.  MONOMER = NUCLEOTIDE

23.  Two kinds of nucleic acids:  DNA  D eoxyribo N ucleic A cid  The genetic material that carries information about an organism.  DNA is inherited from parents  Directs all of the cells (and organism) functions Parts of a Nucleotide: - 5 Carbon Sugar - nitrogen base - phosphate groups

24.  RNA  R ibo N ucleic A cid  Responsible for the production of proteins.  Found in the nucleus and the cytoplasm  Three types of RNA: a. Ribosomal RNA: Makes up ribosomes. b. Transfer RNA: Carries amino acids to the ribosome c. Messenger RNA: (DNA to mRNA) carries DNA’s message to the ribosome