1. Doris V. Ne’Shonda D. 19.3 OIL

2.  Petroleum is taken from organic molecules created by living organisms millions of years ago and buried under sediments where high pressure and temperatures transformed them into energy-rich compounds  Petroleum deposits can be,mixtures of oil, gas, and a solid tar-like material.  Oil and gas are often found under layers of shale and other sediments, mainly where folds and deformations create pockets that trap hydrocarbons

3.  Ultra deep wells have been drilled in the ocean under 10,000ft of water and on land 40,000ft below the surface  Directional drilling 3.75mi horizontally away from the original target, can create up to 50 wells with different directions and depths  ANWR(Artic National Wildlife Refuge) in Alaska claims that this will only impact 2% of the land surface during drilling  We only recover 30-40% of the oil in an area, because extraction reaches a point where it’s uneconomical to continue OIL

4.  There’s about 4 trillion barrels worth of oil in the world, half is recoverable  465 billion barrels have already been consumed, as of 2006 28.5 billion barrels are consumed each year, at this rate there’s only enough to last about 40 years.  Saudi Arabia claims 262.7 billion barrels, almos ¼ of the total preserve.  10 countries hold 84% of all known recoverable oil RESOURCES AREN’T EVENLY DISTRIBUTED

6.  Advantages:  Relatively easy to attain  Cheap  generates electricity  Disadvantages:  Produce CO ₂ emissions which contribute to global warming  oil spills can occur, wildlife is harmed  $250 billion are paid directly to oil producing countries each year  Oil Spills OIL’S IMPACTS

7.  Conventional steam - Oil is burned to heat water to create steam to generate electricity.  Combustion turbine - Oil is burned under pressure to produce hot exhaust gases which spin a turbine to generate electricity.  Combined-cycle technology - Oil is first combusted in a combustion turbine, using the heated exhaust gases to generate electricity. After these exhaust gases are recovered, they heat water in a boiler, creating steam to drive a second turbine HOW OIL PRODUCES ELECTRICITY

9.  Home to an abundant amount of wildlife (e.g. caribou, waterfowl, polar bears, arctic wolves, etc)  Might be the site of the last big, onshore liquid petroleum field in North America  Estimated to contain 12 billion barrels of oil & several trillion cubic feet of gas  Conservationist say that oil drilling would harm the area  Oil company engineers claim that careless ways are no longer permitted in their operations ALASKA’S ARCTIC WILDLIFE REFUGE

11.  Composed of sand & shale particles coated with bitumen, a viscous mixture of long chain hydrocarbons  Pros: cheap to extract, abundant source in Canada  Cons: typical plant produces 15 million m³ of toxic sludge, 500 tons of greenhouse gases, contaminates water, destroy boreal forests TAR SANDS

12.  Not oil or shale, but finely grained sedimentary rock rich in solid organic material called kerogen  When heated to 480°C (900°F) the kerogen liquefies and can be extracted  Pros: might yield the equivalent of several trillion barrels of oil  Cons: produces lots of waste, it’s expensive, high potential for air and water pollution OIL SHALE

13.  Coile, Zachary. 28 Aug 2005. “The Last Refuge.” Mindfully.org. 1 Feb 2012. http://www.mindfully.org/Energy/2005/Arctic-National-Wildlife- Refuge28aug05.htmhttp://www.mindfully.org/Energy/2005/Arctic-National-Wildlife- Refuge28aug05.htm  Klappenbach, Laura. 21 Dec 2005. “Senate Votes Against Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Drilling.” About.com. 1 Feb 2012. http://animals.about.com/b/2005/12/21/senate-votes-against-arctic- national-wildlife-refuge-drilling.htmLaura. 21 Dec 2005. http://animals.about.com/b/2005/12/21/senate-votes-against-arctic- national-wildlife-refuge-drilling.htm  U.S. Energy Information Administration. 2010. “Oil (Petroleum).” Energy Kids. 1 Feb 2012. http://www.eia.gov/kids/contact.cfm#site_author. http://www.eia.gov/kids/contact.cfm#site_author WORKS CITED