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2. Protestant Reformation During the 1500s, calls for reform unleashed forces that would shatter Christian unity. This movement is known as the Protestant Reformation. Martin Luther WH.C4.PO22

3. Abuses in the Church Church became caught up in struggle for political power with secular rulers. Popes and other church leaders maintained a lavish lifestyle. – Hiring painters and sculptors to beautify churches Church increased fees for marriages and baptisms. WH.C4.PO23

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5. Indulgences Indulgence – pardon for sin committed during one’s lifetime Indulgences were grated for good deeds – Going on the crusades By 1400s, indulgences were granted for money gifts to the church – Lessen your time in purgatory WH.C4.PO25

6. Indulgences Christians protested this practice Humanist like Erasmus urged a return to simpler ways: – Bible study – Rejecting worldliness in the Church Focus on material possessions Political power Religion over relationship WH.C4.PO26

7. Martin Luther Martin Luther was a German monk and professor of theology 1517, he began a full scale revolt against the Catholic Church Early life he fasted and prayed yet still felt doomed to hell. Disillusioned with church corruption and worldliness WH.C4.PO27

8. The Final Straw 1517 – priest set up shop to sale indulgences for he rebuilding of St Peter’s Cathedral in Rome. He claimed that the purchase would insure your entry into heaven for you and your dead relatives! Luther drew up his argument against these practices known as the 95 Theses WH.C4.PO28

9. Ninety Five Theses Indulgences had no basis in the Bible The Pope could not authority to release souls from purgatory Christians could only be saved by faith in Jesus Christ He posted his list on the door of Wittenberg’s All Saints Church WH.C4.PO29

10. Luther Versus the Church 95 Theses printed and distributed across Europe Not well received by the Church – Called on Luther to recant – give up his views – Luther refused More radical doctrines – Reject the authority of Rome – Called for secular authorities to reform Church WH.C4.PO210

11. Luther Versus the Church 1521 the Pope excommunicated Martin Luther. 1521 called before a committee of German Princes by Holy Roman Emperor – Ordered to give up his writings – Luther refused Emperor declared him an outlaw – Made it a crime to feed or shelter Martin Luther Thousands accepted his teachings and renounced the Pope. WH.C4.PO211

12. Luther’s Teachings Good deeds are not necessary for salvation Salvation is achieved through faith in Jesus Christ alone The Bible is the sole source of religious truth Rejected idea that priests had special powers – “priesthood of all believers” All Christians have equal access to God through faith and the Bible WH.C4.PO212

13. Luther’s Teachings Rejected five of the seven sacraments because Bible did not mention them Banned: – Indulgences – Confession – Pilgrimages – Prayers to Saints Simplified the ritual of mass and emphasized the sermon Permitted the clergy to marry WH.C4.PO213

14. Spread of Lutheran Ideas Luther’s ideas spread across northern Europe Adopted the name Protestant – root word ‘protest’ Seen as the answer the church corruption German princes: – Way to increase their power – Seize church lands in their territory Feelings of national loyalty WH.C4.PO214

15. Peasants’ Revolt Peasants wanted Luther’s support for social and economic change 1524 revolts erupted across Germany – Called for end of serfdom Luther favored social order and respect for political authority – Biblical based belief Luther denounced revolt – Put down by Nobles – thousands died WH.C4.PO215

16. Peace of Augsburg Wars broke out between Holy Roman Empire and German Princes 1555 a settlement known as the Peace of Augsburg was signed: – Allowed princes to determine religion in their region – Northern Europe mostly Lutheran – Southern Europe mostly Catholic WH.C4.PO216

17. John Calvin Challenger to Catholic Church from Switzerland. Rejected church rituals Stressed importance of the Bible WH.C4.PO217

18. Calvin’s Teachings Provided advice on how to organize and run a Protestant Church Salvation gained through faith in Jesus Christ alone Bible is the only source of religious truth Predestination: – God had long ago determined who would gain salvation Your were either a Saint or a Sinner WH.C4.PO218

19. Calvin’s Geneva city-state of Geneva was set up as a theocracy by Calvin Calvinist saw themselves as God’s chosen people Stressed: hard-work, discipline, thrift, honesty and morality Punished: fighting, swearing, laughing in church, or dancing. WH.C4.PO219

20. Calvin’s Geneva Closed theaters and frowned on elaborate dress. Emphasis was on strict morality Calvinist educated both girls and boys Women could read the Bible in private and allowed them to sing in Church WH.C4.PO220

21. Spread of Calvinism By late 1500s, Calvinism spread to Germany, France, the Netherlands, England, and Scotland. New Challenges to Roman Catholic authority erupted Calvinist fought Catholics and Lutherans WH.C4.PO221

22. Spread of Calvinism Calvinist in the Netherlands started the Dutch Reform Church French Calvinist were call Huguenots Scotland – John Knox started the Presbyterian Church – Overthrow the Catholic Queen WH.C4.PO222

23. Questions to Ponder Who were the key figures in the Reformation? What role did they play in the development of secular authority and individualism? WH.C4.PO223