1. The Nucleus: Historical Review and general characteristics: M nucleus ~99.97%M atom  nucleus =3  10 17 kg/m 3 M proton  M neutron  1840M electron 1u (atomic mass unit)=1.66  10 -27 kg M proton =1.00730uM neutron =1.00869uM electron =0.00055u

2. Isotopes:Same atomic number but different mass number. 144 elements, 2500 different isotopes. Strong force is a short range force<3fm Upper limit on the size of the stable nucleus

3. Radioactivity: Half-Life: Unstable nucleus emits radiation. Smoke detector Is the time required for the quantity to fall to half of its initial value.

4. Nuclear Binding Energy: E=  mC 2 Is the energy required to disassemble a nucleus into neutrons and protons. Nuclear binding energy is ~0.1-0.3 % of the total energy corresponding to the mass. Magic numbers:N or Z are 2,8,20,28,50,82,126

5. Nuclear Fission: The splitting of a large nucleus into two smaller nuclei. Chain Reaction:

6. Atomic Bombs: Gun-barrel atomic bomb(Hiroshima) Implosion bomb(Nagasaki) Nuclear Power Plants: Critical mass:is the amount needed for a sustained nuclear chain reaction. 10-100kiloton of TNT. 1 ton of TNT releases ~4.5 billion joules. ~3% U-235 Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) Core of Nuclear Reactor

7. Nuclear fusion: The combining of two nuclei to form a larger nucleus. Sun, stars and hydrogen bomb.~50M 0 C Thermonuclear fusion and cold fusion: Fusion in Stars: NASA Sun Thermonuclear Weapons: Test of Hydrogen bomb Millions of tons of TNT Controlled fusion

8. Thank You