1. RAH Day 7 Agenda Goal – to understand that fear affects people’s decisions exemplified by McCarthyism. Finish page 14 about Truman’s second term and the vital center –Why did some Fair Deal programs pass & others fail to pass? Complete pp 14 –Explain Schlesinger’s view of the American political culture Define the Vital Center – identify the 3 assumptions –How is the vital center consistent with the major Paradox? How does it relate to the political spectrum? Did the beliefs of the “Vital Center” work in reality? Complete PP 15 Cold War in Asia? NSC-68 – Why is this report important? –How does it compare to Kennan regarding the perception of USSR’s goals and how the US should deal with the USSR? complete bottom of PP 15 Fear and suspicion in the US – PP 16-17 McCarthy video – How did McCarthy come to power? Describe McCarthy’s methods. What were the results of his investigations? Review for test

2. 1948 Election Democrats split over : –civil rights plank in the national platform that HST pushed for. Therefore, with civil rights as an issue, souther Demos left to support the States’ Rights Democratic Party (Dixicrats) –direction of government – the old New Deal coalition wanted more federal programs and expanded New Deal – When Truman was unable to get that done and seemed less liberal than they wanted, former VP and Commerce Secretary Henry Wallace fronted the Progressive Party

3. 1948 candidates Henry Wallace Progressive Party 1.very liberal 2.more New Deal, 3.cooperation with USSR 4.Civil rights Harry Truman Democratic Party 1.liberal 2.Fair Deal, 3.Containment of USSR 4.Civil Rights Thomas Dewey Republican Party 1.conservative 2.Smaller gov’t lower taxes, 3.Confront USSR 4.Anti-union Strom Thurmond States’ Rights Democratic Party 1.Socially conservative 2.Opposed to civil rights 3.Confront USSR 4.Opposed to civil rights 49.6%Winner 2.4% 0% electoral vote 45.1% 35.5% electoral vote 2.4% 7.5% electoral vote

4. PP 14 - Truman’s Fair Deal – Jan. 5, 1949 ProposalProvisionsDid it pass? Why? Minimum wage increase Increase wage to.75 cents Passed people wanted it - just extended a New Deal policy people already liked External rent controls Temporary fixed price for 1947 Passed because of housing shortage post WWII Displaced Person’s Act 400,000 refugees allowed in Passed due to guilt and altruism National Housing Act 1949 810,000 new low income housing units built with Fed $ Passed – housing pressure on localities and good for veterans Increase in social security 80% increase in benefits and 10 ½ million more eligible Passed – continuation of popular New Deal plan

5. PP 14 - Truman’s Fair Deal – Jan. 5, 1949 ProposalProvisionsDid it pass? Why? Aid to education Money to improve schoolsFailed – too liberal and too costly Crop subsidiesMoney to help farmersFailed – too liberal Repeal of Taft-Hartley act End limits on organized labor Failed – people still anti- strikes and anti-communist Ntnl health plan Federal gov’t to pay doctors Failed, too liberal - called socialist Civil rightsAnti-lynching, end poll tax, protect blacks, end disc in work Failed – Dixiecrats and most Republicans opposed

6. Truman, the Vital Center and paradox Cold War 1.Americans wanted the troops home from WWII but wanted to stop the spread of Communism and Soviet power abroad. 2.The Implied threat of atomic bombs was meant to keep the USSR at bay, but pushed the USSR to obtain the a-bomb. 3.To prevent war, more and more dangerous, powerful weapons were created and deployed – so that they would not be used. 4.Wanted taxes lower and the government to focus on post-war domestic problems, but politically blamed Truman for the loss of China to communism and for being weak on the commies in Korea. Post-war domestic issues 1.elected conservative Republicans to lower taxes and shrink the power of the federal government – but blamed Truman for high inflation and wanted solutions to housing, employment, wages and to stop crippling strikes. 2.Wanted government to stay out of the economy so that business could be business and the economy would boom – so that the government would have more money to spend on social programs.

7. The Vital Center Economic Growth Growth in the economy due to capitalist activity will lead to employment and productivity increases which will lead to socio- economic equality, the end of class divisions, create social harmony and provide money for social programs Gov’t action to promote economic growth in the private sector will provide money through taxes for increased social welfare spending by gov’t – operationally liberal – philosophically conservative Foreign affairs Interventionist internationalism to contain communism and soviet power Wanted the troops brought home, low taxes and a focus on domestic issues but needed to keep the commies down & out. Wanted smaller gov’t but blamed Truman for losing China and Korea ProsperityWith the economy doing well every boat would rise. The people will be consensual, standard of living will rise, farmers, workers, businesses will do better and everyone will be happy. High expectations were unmet leading to increased social, class and race tensions as well as ideological divisions

8. Guo Mindong – Chinese Nationalist Party led by: Jiang Jieshi CCP – Chinese Communist Party led by: Mao Zedong US tries to mediate war: but then helps Jiang Chinese Civil War

9. Policy – military and economic assistance to Chinese government of President Jiang Jieshi Purpose – to stop the spread of communist influence in China by giving military hardware and training to the Nationalist Army and to give economic aid so that Jiang’s government would be successful in helping his people Soviet reaction – Soviets and Chinese Communists felt threatened Soviets briefly aided Mao Zedong’s Communists, and helped to lead to Korean War Evaluation of success – failed – the Communists under Mao Zedong won the civil war in 1949 and kicked the Guo Mindong to Taiwan. Us begins to give financial and military hardware assistance to France in its war against Vietnam Support for Jiang Jieshi’s Guo Mindong (the Nationalists) government in China

10. Policy – military invasion by US and UN forces Purpose – to stop the spread of communism into South Korea by defending South Korea after it was attacked by North Korea under the leadership Kim Il Sung Soviet reaction – Soviets were happy that the US interest was not solely focused on Europe. Chinese Communists felt threatened and entered to war on NK side in November 1950. Continued animosity between US and China for 20 more years. Evaluation of success – a success when looking at main goal of defending South Korea, which did not fall to communists and is an independent successful democracy today. But a failure if viewed as intending to rid all of Korea of communist control. Korean War - Active map of Korean WarActive map of Korean War

11. Chapter 3 – cold war in asia SituationExplain the situation by1950US response Civil War in China Fall of China leads US to support France in Vietnam with military and financial assistance Jiang Jieshi and his nationalist Guo Min Dong gov’t was fighting against Mao Zedong’s Chinese Communist Party. Truman did not want to see communism spread and Jiang had a lot of support in US congress. Jiang failed – Mao takes China Up to 3 billion dollars to support Jiang, but he is too corrupt and dictatorial to win. Jiang and guo mindong leave mainland China to go to Taiwan. US does not recognize Chinese Communists as government of China. Vietnam France wanted to return to empire by taking back Vietnam from the Japanese. Ho Chi Minh, our Vietnamese ally during WWII, was leading the fight with his Viet Minh party against French forces. US wanted to maintain French support for NATO in Europe so US allowed France to attempt to retake ‘Nam. Ho asked for US assistance, was denied to looked to USSR for support. By ’50 Us began funding French effort. USSR gets A- bomb Soviets test their first a-bomb in 1949 US is afraid it will lose military superiority so Truman authorizes money to research and build H- bomb.

12. Chapter 3 – Kennan v NSC-68 Kennan in long telegramPaul Nitze’s NSC-68 Assessment of Soviet Threat USSR is a RIVAL for global influence. It wants to slowly weaken the US and expand its influence at the expense of the US. Soviets want to take over the world and spread their evil ideology while destroying the US. Soviets want absolute control in their own sphere Want to destroy the non-soviet governments in the world Proposed response Long, slow, patient, multi- faceted pressure to counter Soviet moves through diplomacy, politics, economics and military means, but without rattling US sabres. CONTAINMENT Very rapid and massive buildup of US conventional, and nuclear forces. Need a big military shield to deter or defeat Soviet aggression and protect the global post-war system Continue to expand capitalism Tone of writing Calm, patient concern, but confident of success and reasonable Aggressive, worried, tough and immediate.

13. What were they accused of? How were they affected by the accusations? Were the accusations fair? The Hollywood Ten Being supporters and promoters of communism in films and not answering Congress’ questions They lost their jobs and went to jail for contempt of Congress No because being a communist cannot be illegal in the US due to the 1 st Amendment Alger HissAt first spying for the USSR, but later lying to congress about being a spy He went to jail for 5 years for the perjury charge At first no, the evidence was fishy. But we now know he was a minor spy Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Stealing nuclear secrets The were executedOn the surface, not really, but the evidence now is fairly overwhelming The Cold War Comes Home

14. What motivated McCarthyism? Why did it succeed at first?Why did it fall out of favor? Motivated by personal desire for political power Fear : of communists in US, fear of being accused of being a communist, fear of the consequences of accusations like blacklisting, loss of elections, social stigma. Politically expedient : Congress saw that supporting McC could help w/ reelection and opposition would result in election loss. Ike did not oppose McCarthy (for the above reasons) McCarthy was seen in the Army-McCarthy hearings for who he really was, a brutish lout with no real evidence. Once the public saw him for real, and Ike had come out against him, he was finished politically. McCarthyism

15. Fear and Suspicion of Communism in the US Soviets Get A- Bomb Expansion of Communism Espionage Rings HUAC hearings ( 1946-1954 McCarthyism 1950-54 Blacklisting FELP 1947“Witch” Hunts China Korea E. Europe Alger Hiss Rosenbergs Fear and Suspicion