1. Grammar www.barchicity.weebly.com 1 Prepared by ax2020

2. What you will need to know for the quiz: Phrases Irregular Verbs: to lie vs. to lay Clauses Need to review? Four kinds of sentences Four kinds of complements www.barchicity.weebly.com 2

3. Review Kinds of Sentences Complements www.barchicity.weebly.com 3

4. Four Kinds of Sentences 1. Simple Sentence 2. Compound Sentence 3. Complex Sentence 4. Compound-Complex Sentence www.barchicity.weebly.com 4

5. 1. Simple Sentence Definition: a sentence that contains a main (or independent) clause—a subject and verb (or predicate) Example: Kate ran to the restaurant. www.barchicity.weebly.com 5

6. 2. Compound Sentence Definition: a sentence that contains two or more main (or independent) clauses and no subordinate (or dependent) clauses Example: Kate ran to the restaurant, and Caleb walked. www.barchicity.weebly.com 6

7. 3. Complex Sentence Definition: a sentence that contains one main (or independent) clause and at least one subordinate (or dependent) clause Example: Crying out loud, Kate ran to the restaurant. www.barchicity.weebly.com 7

8. 4. Compound-Complex Sentence Definition: a sentence that contains at least two main (or independent) clauses and one or more subordinate (or dependent) clauses Example: Crying out loud, Kate ran to the restaurant, and Caleb walked. www.barchicity.weebly.com 8

9. Complements Definition: a word or words used to complete the sense of a verb. www.barchicity.weebly.com 9

10. Four Types of Complements 1. Predicate noun (subject complement): Rhoda became a star. 2. Predicate adjective: Betty was courageous. 3. Direct Object: Janet loves Jill. 4. Indirect Object: Give me the hammer, please. Question for review: Which are linking verbs? www.barchicity.weebly.com 10

11. Sentences one and two contain linking verbs: Rhoda became a star. Betty was courageous. www.barchicity.weebly.com 11

12. Clauses MAIN SUBORDINATE www.barchicity.weebly.com 12

13. Main Clause Definition: All sentences include a main clause (or independent clause)— that is, a subject and a verb. Example: The dog jumped over the plate. www.barchicity.weebly.com 13

14. Subordinate Clauses Adjective Noun Adverb www.barchicity.weebly.com 14

15. Adjective Clause Definition: a subordinate (or dependent) clause that functions as adjective (tells more about the noun) Example: Hilda, who hated all things fuzzy, hugged a little bunny. www.barchicity.weebly.com 15

16. Adverb Clause Definition: a subordinate (or dependent) clause that functions as adverb (tells the when, why, how, where, under what condition) Example: Before we go, I must put on my shoes. www.barchicity.weebly.com 16

17. Noun Clause Definition: a subordinate (or dependent) clause that functions as noun (as subject, direct object, indirect object, subject complement,object of preposition, or appositive) Click here for kinds of noun clauses. www.barchicity.weebly.com17

18. Kinds of Noun Clauses as subjectas direct object as indirect object as predicate noun (or subject complement) as appositiveAs object of preposition www.barchicity.weebly.com 18

19. Noun Clause: As Subject That it snowed surprised me. www.barchicity.weebly.com 19

20. Noun Clause: As Predicate Noun (or Subject Complement) The question was how to cross the bridge. www.barchicity.weebly.com 20

21. Noun Clause: As Object of Preposition You give the drum to whoever wants it. www.barchicity.weebly.com 21

22. Noun Clause: As Direct Object Chapin girls know that reading is fun. www.barchicity.weebly.com 22

23. Noun Clause: As Indirect Object Sally told whoever was nearby her story about the fish. www.barchicity.weebly.com 23

24. Noun Clause: As Appositive My teacher’s wish that I become a lifelong lover of literature could happen. www.barchicity.weebly.com 24

25. Phrases PREPOSITIONAL VERBAL www.barchicity.weebly.com 25

26. Phrases: Verbals Gerund Participial Infinitive www.barchicity.weebly.com 26

27. Infinitive Phrase Definition: a group of words consisting of an infinitive and all the words related to it (an infinitive is a verb form that can be used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb). An infinitive usually begins with “to.” Question for review: What is the infinitive alone? www.barchicity.weebly.com 27

28. to speak (the infinitive) www.barchicity.weebly.com 28

29. Kinds of Infinitive Phrases as subject as predicate noun (or subject complement) as direct object as appositive www.barchicity.weebly.com 29

30. Infinitive Phrase: As Subject To snow hard is a wonder. www.barchicity.weebly.com 30

31. Infinitive Phrase: As Predicate Noun (or Subject Complement) The trick was to carry the egg slowly. www.barchicity.weebly.com 31

32. Infinitive Phrase: As Direct Object Chapin girls like to study hard. www.barchicity.weebly.com 32

33. Infinitive Phrase: As Appositive My teacher’s wish to climb Bear Mountain could happen. www.barchicity.weebly.com 33

34. Prepositional Phrase Definition: a group of words consisting of a preposition, a noun or pronoun that serves as the object of the prep., and any modifiers of that object (they can function as adjective or adverb in a sentence) Example: Brenda the brave, in blue jeans (adj.), screeched with laughter (adv.). Question for review: Where is the appositive? www.barchicity.weebly.com 34

35. On the ferris wheel Brenda the brave screeched with laughter. (the appositive) www.barchicity.weebly.com 35

36. Participial Phrase Definition: a group of words consisting of a participle and words related to it (a participle is a verb form that is used as an adjective—present ends in -ing; past ends in -ed or -en) www.barchicity.weebly.com 36

37. Participial Phrase: Examples (present and past) Tapping my foot, I looked out the window with longing. Filled with anger, the woman stormed into the building. Question #1 for review: What are the participles alone? Question #2 to test your knowledge of gerunds vs. participles. www.barchicity.weebly.com 37

38. filled (past participle) tapping (present participle) www.barchicity.weebly.com 38

39. Gerund Phrase Definition: a group of words consisting of a gerund and words related to it (a gerund is a verb form that ends in -ing—not to be confused with present participles!—and functions as a noun) Click here for kinds of gerund phrases. www.barchicity.weebly.com 39

40. Which is the gerund? Which is the participle? Walking on my tiptoes is fun. Walking down the street that windy day, I wished I took the bus. www.barchicity.weebly.com 40

41. Participle: Walking down the street that windy day, I wished I took the bus. Gerund: Walking on my tiptoes is fun. www.barchicity.weebly.com 41

42. Kinds of Gerund Phrases as subject as predicate noun (or subject complement) as object of preposition as direct object as indirect object as appositive www.barchicity.weebly.com 42

43. Gerund Phrase: As Subject Running in water is good for your legs. www.barchicity.weebly.com 43

44. Gerund Phrase: As Predicate Noun (or Subject Complement) Her hope was getting a good seat. www.barchicity.weebly.com 44

45. Gerund Phrase: As Object of Preposition You’ll need shoes for walking through the mud. www.barchicity.weebly.com 45

46. Gerund Phrase: As Direct Object I love playing the piano. www.barchicity.weebly.com 46

47. Gerund Phrase: As Indirect Object She gave playing the piano a chance. www.barchicity.weebly.com 47

48. Gerund Phrase: As Appositive Mary’s role, playing Nora in A Doll House, was a great opportunity for her. www.barchicity.weebly.com 48

49. To Lay: to put, place Present: I lay, you lay, she lays, etc. Past: I laid, you laid, etc. Present perfect: I have laid, you have laid, etc. Past progressive: I was laying, you were laying, etc. www.barchicity.weebly.com 49

50. To Lie: to recline Present: I lie, you lie, she lies, etc. Past: I lay, you lay, etc. Present perfect: I have lain, you have lain, etc. Past progressive: I was lying, you were lying, etc. www.barchicity.weebly.com 50

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