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4. Augustan Art The Julio-Claudians Roman Frescoes The Flavians The Early Empire The Romans > The Early Empire Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.www/boundless.com/art- history?campaign_content=book_185_section_72&campaign_term=Art+History&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=b oundless

5. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Appendix

6. Key terms apotheosis The fact or action of becoming or making into a god; deification. bucrania (sg. bucanium) A skull of a bull that was used for decoration. damnatio memoriae A phrase from Latin meaning "the condemnation of one's memory", a dishonor given by the Roman Senate to particularly hated Emperors. It attempted to erase all memory and history of the person by removing their name from all documents and destroying all their portraits. Egyptomania Roman fascination with all things related to Egypt following the death of Cleopatra in 31 BCE and the annexation of Egypt in 30 BCE. encaustic a wax-based paint that is fixed in place by heating; a painting produced using this paint fresco In painting, the technique of applying water-based pigment to wet or fresh lime mortar or plaster. Imperator A Latin word meaning "general" or "ruler"; a title given to triumphant generals during the Republic. Lictor Lictors were bodyguards for a magistrate in Republican Rome and emperors during Imperial Rome. They carried fasces, a bundle of wooden rods with an axe, which symbolized the power of the magistrate or emperor. meander a decorative border constructed from a continuous line, shaped into a repeated motif menorah a holy candelabrum with seven branches used in the Temple of Jerusalem; a candelabrum with nine branches used in Jewish worship on Hanukkah Pax Romana An extended era of expansion and relative peace that was established by Augustus and which lasted into the second century CE until the death of Marcus Aurelius (27 BCE—180 CE). Pomerium The sacred boundary around a city that marked the city's urban, legal, and religious limits. No armies were allowed within this boundary. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Romans

7. Princeps This title was given to Augustus in 27 BCE by the Roman Senator, signifying that he was first among equals. It become a non-military title of the emperors. Latin for "first. " register a vertical level in a work that consists of several levels, especially where the levels are clearly separated by lines spandrel the space (often triangular) between the outer curve of an arch (the extrados) and a straight-sided figure that bounds it; the space between two contiguous arches and a straight feature above them trompe l'oeil a genre of still life painting that exploits human vision to create the illusion that the subject of the painting is real Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Romans

8. Fourth Style Detail of a fourth style wall in the Ixion Room of the House of the Vettii. Fresco. Pompeii, Italy. Ca. 70-79 CE. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Casa dei vettii - pannel fresco." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Casa_dei_vettii_-_pannel_fresco.jpg View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Casa_dei_vettii_-_pannel_fresco.jpgView on Boundless.com The Romans

9. Villa of Livia Second style garden vista from the Villa of Livia, Primaporta, Italy. Late first century BCE. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Rom-Villa-Livia." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rom-Villa-Livia.jpg View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rom-Villa-Livia.jpgView on Boundless.com The Romans

10. Detail from Villa of P. Fannius Synistor Detail of an architectual vista from a second style wall painting. Villa of P. Fannius Synistor, Boscoreale, Italy. Ca. 50-40 BCE. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Scene 3, left." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scene_3,_left.jpg View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scene_3,_left.jpgView on Boundless.com The Romans

11. Pompeian First Style Wall Pompeian first style wall painting from the Samnite House. Fresco. 2nd c. BCE. Herculaneum, Italy. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Herculaneum Wall 1.Style." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Herculaneum_Wall_1.Style.jpg View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Herculaneum_Wall_1.Style.jpgView on Boundless.com The Romans

12. Third Style Wall Painting Detail of third style wall painting from the Villa of Agrippa Postumus. Boscotrecase, Italy. Ca. 10 BCE. Fresco. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Fresco-Boscotrecase." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fresco-Boscotrecase.jpg View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fresco-Boscotrecase.jpgView on Boundless.com The Romans

13. Fayum Mummy Portrait A mummy portrait of a young women. Fayum Necropolis, Egypt. Second century CE. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Fayum-34." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fayum-34.jpg View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fayum-34.jpgView on Boundless.com The Romans

14. Triumph of Titus Triumphal procession for Titus upon his victory over Judea. From the Arch of Titus. Marble. Ca. 81 CE. Rome, Italy. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Arch of titus relief 1." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arch_of_titus_relief_1.jpg View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arch_of_titus_relief_1.jpgView on Boundless.com The Romans

15. Sacking of Jerusalem. Sacking of Jerusalem relief from the Arch of Titus. Marble. Ca. 81 CE. Rome, Italy. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Detail from Arch of Titus." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Detail_from_Arch_of_Titus.jpg View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Detail_from_Arch_of_Titus.jpgView on Boundless.com The Romans

16. Flavian Amphitheater (Colosseum) Exterior of the Flavian Amphitheater or Colosseum. 70-80 CE. Rome, Italy. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Colosseum-exterior-2007." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Colosseum-exterior-2007.JPG View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Colosseum-exterior-2007.JPGView on Boundless.com The Romans

17. Head of Nero Portrait bust of Nero Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Nero Glyptothek Munich 321." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nero_Glyptothek_Munich_321.jpg View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nero_Glyptothek_Munich_321.jpgView on Boundless.com The Romans

18. Claudius Portrait of Claudius (r. 41-52 CE). Marble, 41-54 CE. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Claudius MAN Napoli Inv6060." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Claudius_MAN_Napoli_Inv6060.jpg View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Claudius_MAN_Napoli_Inv6060.jpgView on Boundless.com The Romans

19. Nero, dressed as Apollo with a Lyre 1st century CE Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Intaglio Nero CdM." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Intaglio_Nero_CdM.jpg View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Intaglio_Nero_CdM.jpgView on Boundless.com The Romans

20. Wall painting from the Domus Aurea Wall painting from the Domus Aurea, 63-68 CE Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Domusaurea." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Domusaurea.jpg View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Domusaurea.jpgView on Boundless.com The Romans

21. Caligula Bust of Caligula (r. 37--41 CE) Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Caligula 01." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Caligula_01.JPG View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Caligula_01.JPGView on Boundless.com The Romans

22. Livia A marble statue in the guise of Ceres. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Livia statue." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Livia_statue.jpg View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Livia_statue.jpgView on Boundless.com The Romans

23. Ara Pacis Augustae View from the northeast. Marble, 13-9 BCE, Rome, Italy. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Ara Pacis Rom." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ara_Pacis_Rom.jpg View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ara_Pacis_Rom.jpgView on Boundless.com The Romans

24. Augustus Portrayed as Pontifex Maximus. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "August Labicana Massimo Inv56230." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:August_Labicana_Massimo_Inv56230.jpg View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:August_Labicana_Massimo_Inv56230.jpgView on Boundless.com The Romans

25. Augustus of Prima Porta Ca 20 BCE, marble, Primaporta, Italy. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Statue-Augustus." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Statue-Augustus.jpg View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Statue-Augustus.jpgView on Boundless.com The Romans

26. Ara Pacis Augustae Detail from the processional scene on the south wall. Marble. 13-9 BCE. Rome, Italy. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "RomaAraPacis ProcessioneSudParticolare." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RomaAraPacis_ProcessioneSudParticolare.jpg View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RomaAraPacis_ProcessioneSudParticolare.jpgView on Boundless.com The Romans

27. Ara Pacis Augustae Detail of eastern panel, female personification. Marble, 13-9 BC, Rome, Italy. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "AraPacisReliefTellusMater." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AraPacisReliefTellusMater.JPG View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AraPacisReliefTellusMater.JPGView on Boundless.com The Romans

28. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Romans Which of the following statements describes The Ara Pacis? A) The altar aims to suggest the bounty and peace of Rome under Augustus. B) The altar includes portraits of real Roman people. C) All of these answers D) The altar includes images of children, a reference to Augustus' family values program.

29. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Saylor OER. "Art History « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/majors/Art-History/CC BY 3.0http://www.saylor.org/majors/Art-History/ The Romans Which of the following statements describes The Ara Pacis? A) The altar aims to suggest the bounty and peace of Rome under Augustus. B) The altar includes portraits of real Roman people. C) All of these answers D) The altar includes images of children, a reference to Augustus' family values program.

30. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Romans Which of the following accurately represents the succession of emperors during the Julio-Claudian Dynasty? A) Augustus, Claudius, Tiberius, Caligula, Nero B) Augustus, Nero, Claudius, Tiberius, Caligula C) Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero D) Nero, Claudius, Augustus, Tiberius, Cali

31. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ The Romans Which of the following accurately represents the succession of emperors during the Julio-Claudian Dynasty? A) Augustus, Claudius, Tiberius, Caligula, Nero B) Augustus, Nero, Claudius, Tiberius, Caligula C) Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero D) Nero, Claudius, Augustus, Tiberius, Cali

32. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Romans A wax-based paint that is fixed in place by heating A) apotheosis B) damnatio memoriae C) encaustic D) spandrel

33. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless. "Boundless." CC BY-SA http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SAhttp://www.boundless.com/ The Romans A wax-based paint that is fixed in place by heating A) apotheosis B) damnatio memoriae C) encaustic D) spandrel

34. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Romans Which Roman emperor was responsible for the construction of the Flavian Amphitheater (Colosseum)? A) Augustus B) Nero C) Vespasian D) Hadrian

35. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Saylor OER. "Art History « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/majors/Art-History/CC BY 3.0http://www.saylor.org/majors/Art-History/ The Romans Which Roman emperor was responsible for the construction of the Flavian Amphitheater (Colosseum)? A) Augustus B) Nero C) Vespasian D) Hadrian

36. Attribution Wikipedia. "Fayum mummy portraits." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayum_mummy_portraits#Art- historical_significanceCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayum_mummy_portraits#Art- historical_significance Wiktionary. "trompe l'oeil." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/trompe+l'oeilCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/trompe+l'oeil Wiktionary. "encaustic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/encausticCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/encaustic Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//art-history/definition/egyptomaniaCC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//art-history/definition/egyptomania Wiktionary. "fresco." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/frescoCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fresco Wikipedia. "Pompeii." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PompeiiCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeii Wikipedia. "Fresco." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresco#Classical_antiquityCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresco#Classical_antiquity Wikipedia. "August Mau." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_MauCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Mau Wikipedia. "Vesuvius." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VesuviusCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesuvius Wikipedia. "Roman art." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_art#PaintingCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_art#Painting Wikipedia. "Pompeian Styles." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeian_StylesCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeian_Styles Wikipedia. "Flavians." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FlaviansCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavians Wikipedia. "Colosseum." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ColosseumCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum Wikipedia. "Year of the Four Emperors." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_of_the_Four_EmperorsCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors Wikipedia. "Vespasian." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VespasianCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespasian Wikipedia. "Titus." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TitusCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus Wikipedia. "Domitian." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domitian#Rise_of_the_Flavian_dynastyCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domitian#Rise_of_the_Flavian_dynasty Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Romans

37. Wiktionary. "menorah." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/menorahCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/menorah Wiktionary. "apotheosis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/apotheosisCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/apotheosis Wiktionary. "spandrel." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/spandrelCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/spandrel Wikipedia. "damnatio memoriae." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/damnatio%20memoriaeCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/damnatio%20memoriae Wikipedia. "Julio-Claudians." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio-ClaudiansCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio-Claudians Wikipedia. "Caligula." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CaligulaCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caligula Wikipedia. "Nero." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeroCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero Wikipedia. "Augustus." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AugustusCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus Wikipedia. "Tiberius." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TiberiusCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius Wikipedia. "Pax Romana." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_RomanaCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana Wikipedia. "Claudius." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ClaudiusCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius Wikipedia. "Great Fire of Rome." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_RomeCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Rome Wikipedia. "Domus Aurea." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domus_AureaCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domus_Aurea Wikipedia. "Colossus of Nero." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colossus_of_NeroCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colossus_of_Nero Wikibooks. "Saylor.org's Ancient Civilizations of the World/Augustus Caesar and the Pax Romana." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Saylor.org%2527s_Ancient_Civilizations_of_the_World/Augustus_Caesar_and_the_Pax_RomanaCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Saylor.org%2527s_Ancient_Civilizations_of_the_World/Augustus_Caesar_and_the_Pax_Romana Wikipedia. "Imperator." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImperatorCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperator Wikipedia. "Princeps." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PrincepsCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeps Wiktionary. "Pax Romana." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Pax+RomanaCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Pax+Romana Wikipedia. "Augustus." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus#LegacyCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus#Legacy Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Romans

38. Wikipedia. "Ara Pacis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ara_PacisCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ara_Pacis Wikipedia. "Bucranium." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BucraniumCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucranium Wikipedia. "Pontifex Maximus." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifex_MaximusCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifex_Maximus Wikipedia. "Augustus of Prima Porta." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta#Divine_statusCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta#Divine_status Wikipedia. "Meander (art)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meander_(art)CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meander_(art) Wikipedia. "Register (sculpture)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_(sculpture)CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_(sculpture) Wikipedia. "Lictor." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LictorCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lictor Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//art-history/definition/bucraniaCC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//art-history/definition/bucrania Wikipedia. "Pomerium." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PomeriumCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerium Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Romans