1. Chapter Three Police in Society Organization and Administration of Municipal and County Agencies

2. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 2 Organizations and the Police What are ORGANIZATIONS? Entities of two or more people Cooperate to accomplish an objective Organization can be defined as arranging and utilizing resources of personnel and material in such a way as to attain specified objectives

3. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 3 Organizations as Bureaucracies Large organizations are more complex than smaller ones More specialization More hierarchical structure More authoritarian style of command Bureaucracies share several traits Different tasks working toward a common goal

4. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 4 Organizations as Bureaucracies Specialized tasks placed in separate departments Division of labor Chain of command Information flows upward Commands flow downward Written rules

5. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 5 Organizational Communication Studies have shown that communication is the primary problem in administration More than 50 percent of a manager’s time is spent communicating Communication process Encoding Experience into symbols

6. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 6 Organizational Communication Transmission Encoded symbols into some behavior that another person can observe Medium Conveyed through some channel Reception Reaches the receiver and conveyed to the brain for interpretation

7. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 7 Organizational Communication Decoding Receiver translates symbols according to his/her experiences Feedback Response back to the sender Lets us know that the symbols were interpreted as we intended

8. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 8 Communication within Police Organization Five types of downward communication 1.Job instruction 2.Job rationale 3.Procedures and practice 4.Feedback 5.Indoctrination

9. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 9 Communication within Police Organization Obstacles to upward communication 1.Physical distance 2.Complexity of the organization Horizontal communication Thrives when formal channels are not open Usually informal

10. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 10 Communication within Police Organization Grapevine Fast Operates mostly at the workplace Supplements regular formal communication Can be a tool for management Written communication

11. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 11 Communication within Police Organization Barriers to effective communication Some people are not good listeners Allow other things to obstruct our communication Subordinates do not always have the same “big picture” viewpoint

12. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 12 Police Agencies as Organizations Chain of command Organizational structure Every police agency as a structure Operations or line personnel Engage in active police functions in the field Support or nonline functions

13. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 13 Police Agencies as Organizations Staff (or administrative) services Recruitment, training Auxiliary services Jail management, crime lab The larger the agency, the greater the need for specialization and the more vertical the organizational chart will be

14. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 14 Police Agencies as Organizations Unity of command Every officer reports to only one superior Span of control Number of subordinates one individual can effectively supervise

15. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 15 Police Agencies as Organizations Organizational policies and procedures Three contemporary developments 1. Requirement for administrative due process 2. Threat of civil litigation 3. Trend toward accreditation

16. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 16 Police Agencies as Organizations Policies General and serve as guides to thinking Reflect purpose and philosophy Procedures More detailed Provide the preferred methods for handling matters

17. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 17 Police Agencies as Organizations Rules and regulations Specific guidelines with no room for discretion

18. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 18 Local Agencies Police departments and sheriff’s offices About 452,000 sworn full-time municipal police officers About 11.3 percent are women 23.6 percent racial and ethnic minorities About 174,000 sworn full-time deputies About 12.9 percent are women 18.8 percent racial and ethnic minorities

19. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 19 Local Agencies About three-fourths of all sheriff’s offices operate a jail More police agencies utilize physical agility tests, psychological evaluations, and provide educational incentive pay Municipal officers receive about 55 additional hours of initial training

20. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 20 Local Agencies Weapons (Table 3-4) Computers (Table 3-5) Special technologies (Table 3-6)

21. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 21 Chiefs of Police Qualifications, selection, and tenure The size of the agency may dictate the required qualifications for the position of chief of police It is cheaper to select from within the agency than to recruit an outsider Significant difference is in educational attainment

22. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 22 Chiefs of Police Assessment center method Used to obtain the most capable people May include interviews, psychological testing, management tasks, oral presentation exercises, written communication exercises Job security About 5.5 year tenure

23. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 23 Chiefs of Police Anomie The breaking down of an individual’s sense of attachment to society and to others Are police chiefs high or low in their level of anomie? Research indicates the latter The majority of the 1,500 chiefs did not appear to experience severe levels of social distancing from fellow human beings

24. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 24 Chiefs of Police Chiefs must be well connected with the community, subordinates, leaders, and significant others Research found that this appears to be the case Severely anomic chief could have disastrous effects on the municipality

25. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 25 Sheriffs Usually an elected position with terms Tend to be older Less likely to have been promoted through the ranks of the agency Less likely to be college graduates compared to police chiefs

26. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 26 Sheriffs Some common functions Maintain and operate the county correctional institution Serve civil process Collect certain taxes Serve as bailiff of the courts

27. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 27 Mintzberg Model 1.Interpersonal role Includes figurehead, leadership, and liaison duties As figurehead, executive performs various ceremonial functions Leadership function requires executive to motivate and coordinate workers while resolving different goals and needs As liaison, executive interacts with other organizations and coordinates workflow

28. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 28 Mintzberg Model 2. Informational role Monitoring/inspecting and disseminating information Make sure things are operating smoothly Get information to members of the department Spokesperson Getting information to the news media

29. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 29 Mintzberg Model 3. Decision-maker role Serves as entrepreneur Sell ideas to department Disturbance handler Disputes between staff members to handling riots and muggings Resource allocator Be able to say no to subordinates Negotiator Resolve employee grievances

30. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 30 Compstat Used in NYPD Four-step process 1.Collecting information 2.Using effective tactics to respond to problems 3.Deploying personnel rapidly 4.Following up and assessing

31. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 31 Middle Managers Captains and lieutenants Inspecting assigned operations Reviewing and making recommendations on reports Helping to develop plans Overseeing records and equipment Overseeing recovered property

32. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 32 First-Line Supervisors Sergeant Supervising subordinate officers Disseminating information to subordinates Reviewing and approving various departmental reports Answering backup calls

33. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 33 Types of Supervisors Traditional Law enforcement oriented Primary role of controlling subordinates Innovative Most closely associated with community policing May be the opposite of traditional

34. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 34 Types of Supervisors Supportive Concerned with developing good relations with subordinates Protect officers from unfair management practices Active Active in the field, maybe overly involved

35. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 35 Police and Politics Political exploitation Historically, police have been political bodies Partisan politics has often been the cause of police corruption

36. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 36 Police and Politics Police executive relations and expectations Relations with the mayor or city manager The mayor is the boss Mayor assures the public that the police are doing the best they can Mayor must give chief authority

37. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 37 Police-Media Relations From one perspective, media must appreciate that an investigation may be compromised by coverage From another perspective, the public has a right to know Public information officer (PIO)

38. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 38 Ways to Stretch Resources Contract and Consolidated Policing Contract Smaller communities contract with larger communities for police services Consolidation Merging two or more agencies

39. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 39 Ways to Stretch Resources Civilianization Use of civilians to perform functions traditionally done by sworn officers Agency Accreditation Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (CALEA)