1. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 1 Chapter 13 Introduction to Data Access Classes and Persistence

2. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 2 Objectives In this chapter, you will: Examine VB.NET input and output (I/O) Make objects persistent Design a data access class Communicate with a data access class Use a relational database with VB.NET

3. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 3 Examining VB.NET Input and Output Stream –A collections of bytes that transfer data to and from files Stream classes with sequential file capabilities –StreamWriter Located in the System.IO namespace Derived from the TextWriter class –StreamReader Located in the System.IO namespace Derived from the TextReader class

4. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 4 Examining VB.NET Input and Output In a file-based system –A file Represents the collection of all the data A file consists of records –A record Represents a single entity –A field An attribute that will be included for each record in the file A record consists of fields

5. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 5 Sequential File Processing Sequential file processing example –Text boxes Allow users to enter values for each record to be saved to a sequential file Names of the text boxes –txtStRegNo –txtLength –txtManufacturer –txtYear –txtCustPhoneNo

6. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 6 Sequential File Processing Sequential file processing example (continued) –Buttons Save To File button –Clicked to save the text box values to a sequential file List Records button –Clicked to extract the data from the file and display the results in a multiline text box with a vertical scroll bar Exit button –Closes the program

7. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 7 Sequential File Processing

8. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 8 General Format for StreamWriter and StreamReader The boat attribute file example –Uses the following methods of the StreamWriter class Write WriteLine Close –Uses the following methods of the StreamReader class Read ReadLine ReadToEnd Peek Close

9. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 9 General Format for StreamWriter and StreamReader

10. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 10 Adding Toolbars and Dialog Controls Dialog boxes and toolbars –Used to build professional user interfaces To incorporate a toolbar with graphic buttons on a form –Place the graphic images into the ImageList control –Add the toolbar control to the form –Link the toolbar’s ImageList property to the ImageList

11. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 11 Adding Toolbars and Dialog Controls

12. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 12 Adding Toolbars and Dialog Controls ImageList control –Images property A collection of images Used to open the Image Collection Editor –Image Collection Editor is used to »Add an image to the collection »Change the order in which the images are displayed »Delete images from the collection

13. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 13 Adding Toolbars and Dialog Controls

14. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 14 Adding Toolbars and Dialog Controls

15. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 15 Adding Toolbars and Dialog Controls Toolbar control –ImageList property Used to link to the ImageList that holds the images

16. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 16 Adding Toolbars and Dialog Controls Toolbar control –Buttons property Used to open the ToolBarButton Collection Editor –ToolBarButton Collection Editor can be used to »Add buttons to the toolbar

17. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 17 Adding Toolbars and Dialog Controls

18. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 18 Adding Dialogs to the Application Dialog boxes –Provide richness and standardization for common user interface operations –For example Functions which should have a common look and feel, regardless of the application –Opening and saving files –Changing colors –Changing fonts –To add a dialog box to an application Double-click the dialog control in the Toolbox

19. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 19 The Save File Dialog Box SaveFile dialog box opens a file for saving

20. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 20 OpenFile Dialog Box OpenFile dialog box opens a file for reading

21. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 21 Adding the Color Dialog Box Color dialog box is used to change the color in applications

22. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 22 The FontDialog Box FontDialog control –Used to change fonts and font colors in applications –Sets the Font property for controls

23. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 23 Making Objects Persistent Object persistence –The capacity to store and retrieve information from files Two approaches to achieving persistence –Attribute storage –Object storage

24. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 24 Making Objects Persistent Attribute storage –Involves Retrieving attribute values from the instance Writing attribute values to a file –Disadvantage It is necessary to re-create the object

25. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 25 Making Objects Persistent

26. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 26 Making Objects Persistent Options for storing and retrieving objects: –Attribute storage and retrieval using the StreamWriter and StreamReader –Object serialization –Attribute storage and retrieval using databases

27. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 27 Making Objects Persistent Object serialization –An easy way to store and retrieve objects –Serialization process Transforms an object into a stream that can be saved to a sequential file –Deserialization Transforms the stream from the file back to the object state before the object was stored –Advantage The object can be retrieved intact It is not necessary to re-create the object

28. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 28 Making Objects Persistent Databases –One or more files organized to help make queries –Can be used to make objects persistent –Organize data into tables that can be related to each other Each table column represents an attribute Each row represents a record –Structured Query Language (SQL) A standard set of keywords and statements used to access relational databases

29. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 29 Designing a Data Access Class Purpose of a DA class –To provide methods that store and retrieve data –Make instances of a PD class persistent Reasons for placing data storage and retrieval tasks in a DA class –Data input and output code are isolated from other classes Can dramatically reduce maintenance –Separate classes for each tier make deployment easier in a client-server environment GUI, PD, and DA functions may reside on multiple machines at various sites

30. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 30 Designing a Data Access Class DA methods can be invoked only by the PD class –Services provided by the DA class appear to be provided by the PD class –Hides the DA class from all other classes

31. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 31 Data Access Methods A separate DA class is written for each PD class Example: –CustomerDA Provides data storage and retrieval services for customers Methods can only be invoked by the PD class

32. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 32 Data Access Methods Four basic tasks provided by CustomerDA and Customer: –Retrieve a customer –Store a customer –Change a customer’s data –Remove a customer

33. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 33 Data Access Methods CustomerDA class –Find method Functionality implemented: retrieve a customer –AddNew method Functionality implemented: store a customer –Update method Functionality implemented: update a customer’s data –Delete method Functionality implemented: remove a customer

34. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 34 Data Access Methods CustomerDA class (continued) –Additional methods Initialize Terminate GetAll –Exception handler classes NotFoundException DuplicateException

35. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 35 Communicating with a Data Access Class Customer class –Invokes methods in CustomerDA –Methods Find AddNew Find Delete Initialize Terminate GetAll

36. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 36 Finding a Customer The PD Find method –Invokes the DA Find method Public Shared Function Find(ByVal PhoneNo As String) As Customer Return CustomerDA.Find(PhoneNo) End Function

37. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 37 Adding a Customer The PD AddNew method –Invokes the AddNew method in the DA class to store a new customer instance Public Sub AddNew() CustomerDA.AddNew(Me) End Sub

38. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 38 Changing a Customer The PD Update method –Invokes the Update method in the DA class Public Sub Update() CustomerDA.Update(Me) End Sub

39. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 39 Deleting a Customer The PD Delete method –Invokes the Delete method in the DA class Public Sub Delete() CustomerDA.Delete(Me) End Sub

40. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 40 Additional Problem Domain Methods Additional PD methods –Initialize Public Shared Sub Initialize() CustomerDA.Initialize() End Sub –Terminate Public Shared Sub Terminate() CustomerDA.Terminate() End Sub

41. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 41 Additional Problem Domain Methods Additional PD methods (continued) –GetAll Public Shared Function GetAll() As ArrayList Return CustomerDA.GetAll End Function

42. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 42 Implementing Persistence with a Sequential File Attribute storage –Used for sequential access files The Initialize method –Reads customer’s attribute values from the sequential file –Creates customer instances –Stores references for these instances in an ArrayList

43. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 43 Implementing Persistence with a Sequential File Terminate method –Creates a file that Contains attribute values for all the customer instances referenced by the ArrayList customers Find method –Seeks a customer instance with a phone number that matches the value received by the method If the customer is found –Its reference is returned If the customer is not found –A NotFoundException is thrown

44. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 44 Implementing Persistence with a Sequential File AddNew method –Adds the new reference to the ArrayList after checking for a duplicate phone number A duplicate phone number is assumed to be a duplicate customer

45. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 45 Implementing Persistence with a Sequential File Update method –Contains no code –Updates are made to the customer instance by invoking accessor methods setName setAddress setPhoneNo –Later Terminate method –Writes the attribute values for all the instances to a sequential file

46. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 46 Implementing Persistence with a Sequential File Delete method –Removes a customer from the system by Removing the customer from the ArrayList customers –Later Terminate method –Saves all the customers in the ArrayList customers to the sequential file

47. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 47 Implementing Persistence with a Sequential File GetAll method –Returns a reference to the customers ArrayList DuplicateException and NotFoundException classes –Inform the invoking client of a problem

48. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 48 Testing CustomerDA for Sequential File Implementation The tester application will: –Create two customer instances –Invoke the Initialize method –Invoke the AddNew method to add the two new customers to storage –Retrieve a reference to the first customer by invoking the Find method

49. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 49 Testing CustomerDA for Sequential File Implementation The tester application will (continued): –Invoke the GetAll method to retrieve references to both customers –Invoke the Delete method for the second customer and verify the deletion –Change the first customer’s address and verify the change using the Update method –Invoke the Terminate method

50. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 50 Implementing Persistence with Object Serialization Persistence using object serialization –Uses object storage –Complete object instances are written to and read from a file –Instances are retrieved intact There is no need to re-create instances –Uses the FileStream class

51. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 51 Implementing Persistence with Object Serialization To change from sequential access file processing to object serialization –Add the attribute to the Customer definition header –Change the following methods in CustomerDA Initialize Terminate

52. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 52 Using Relational Databases with VB.NET Relational databases –Referred to as database management systems (DBMSs) –Provide tools for organizing data into tables In a DBMS –Each column represents a field –Each row represents a record –Primary key: a field used to uniquely identify a record

53. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 53 Structured Query Language Structured Query Language (SQL) –A standardized language used to manage and query relational databases –Used by DA methods Find method uses the SQL SELECT statement to –Retrieve a specific customer’s record from the database AddNew method uses the SQL INSERT INTO statement to –Add a new customer’s record to the database

54. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 54 Structured Query Language Uses of SQL by DA methods (continued) –Update method uses the SQL UPDATE statement to Change the contents of one or more fields in a customer’s record –Delete method executes the SQL DELETE statement SQL DELETE statement specifies the key value of the customer to be deleted

55. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 55 Accessing a DBMS with VB.NET VB.NET options for accessing data –ADO (Active-X Data Objects) Maintains a constant connection to the server Data is kept and processed in a recordset –ADO.NET Only connects to the server when –Data is needed from the data store –Updates back to the data store are required Relies on the concept of datasets as the basis for processing data

56. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 56 VB.NET Database Access Classes VB.NET managed providers for accessing data: –The OleDb data provider Designed for accessing Microsoft Access databases and other non-SQLServer data sources Namespace: OleDb –The SQLServer data provider Designed for accessing Microsoft SQLServer databases Namespace: SQLClient Object database connectivity (ODBC) –Can be used to access most other databases

57. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 57 VB.NET Database Access Classes

58. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 58 VB.NET and DBMS Example Example –Project involves working with data from a relational database Selecting, adding, updating, and deleting rows from a table –The GUI includes A data grid Four buttons –Add Record –Update Record –Delete Record –Find

59. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 59 VB.NET and DBMS Example

60. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 60 Implementing Object Persistence with a Database To implement object persistence with a relational database –Initialize method establishes a connection to the database –Find, AddNew, Update, Delete, and GetAll methods access the database directly –Terminate method closes the database connection

61. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 61 Summary Object persistence: storing instance data for future retrieval Persistence can be achieved by storing either attribute values or entire instances A data access (DA) class provides methods that store and retrieve data Methods of a DA class are invoked only by the methods of the corresponding PD class Methods of a DA class: Find, AddNew, Update, Delete, GetAll, Initialize, and Terminate

62. Object-Oriented Application Development Using VB.NET 62 Summary VB.NET’s stream approach to I/O views data input and output as a flow of bytes Persistence can be achieved using sequential files, object serialization, or relational databases A relational database is used to organize data into tables In a relational database, each column represents a field and each row represents a record SQL is a popular, standard language used to access relational databases