1. APEH: Rise of the “New Monarchs”

2. The “New Monarchs” Main idea: From mid-15 th to early 16 th centuries, monarchs in Western Europe consolidated power and created the foundation for the modern states of England, Spain, and France NOT absolute rulers – struggled for power with church and nobles NOT ‘nation-state’ – still no real concept of ‘nationalism’ until 18 th c.

3. Characteristics Reduced power of nobles – taxation, seizing of lands, hiring/building standing armies Reduced influence of church – put state over church Created efficient bureaucracies – centralized control by monarch Increased power of new middle class – bourgeoisie backed monarch

4. FRANCE – Valois Louis XI (r. 1461-83) – “Universal Spider” Large standing army, increased taxes, increased control over Church, brutal toward nobles, supported trade & merchants First ‘modern king’ of France

5. FRANCE - Valois Francis I (r. 1515-47) – rival to Charles V (HRE) & Henry VIII (ENG) Taille – direct head tax on land & property Concordat of Bologna (1516) – king had power to appoint bishops to Church in France First Euro king to make alliance with Ottoman Empire

6. ENGLAND - Tudor War of the Roses (1455-77) – York vs. Lancaster Henry VII (r. 1485-1509) – first Tudor monarch, father of Henry VIII Star Chamber – secret court to deal with nobles Banned nobles’ armies Shared power with Parliament, especially taxation

7. ENGLAND - Tudor Henry VIII continued to build monarch’s power Takeover of Church – Anglican Style of leadership influenced three children who would reign

8. SPAIN - Trastámara Ferdinand of Aragon (r. 1478-1516) & Isabella of Castile (r. 1474-1504) – marriage united Spain 1492 – Reconquista – final defeat of Moors in Granada & expulsion of all Jews (30- 60k expelled) – goal  Christianize all Spain Expulsion depleted Spain’s new middle class – long- term economic disaster

9. SPAIN - Trastámara Spanish Inquisition initiated by Isabella prior to Reformation, controlled by monarchy Tomás de Torquemada monk who led S.I. Targeted conversos – Jews and Muslims who had converted to Christianity By 1500 – Spanish Church strongest in Europe – no Reformation

10. HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE - Hapsburg NOT a “new monarchy” Made up of over 300 semi-independent political entities Emperor had no centralized control, no power of taxation outside own lands Maximilian I (r. 1486- 1519) – first Hapsburg to rule HRE

11. HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE - Hapsburg Charles V – HRE (r. 1519-1556); Charles I – Spain (r. 1516-1556) Most powerful ruler of 16 th c. Europe “New monarch” in Spain, but not in HRE Constantly at war during reign – Valois, Muslims, Lutherans

12. Charles V’s Full Title

13. HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE - Hapsburg Charles V abdicated in 1556 Split holdings between brother Ferdinand (HRE) and son Philip (Spain); created two Hapsburg lines Retired to monastery, died in 1558