1. CHEMISTRY World of Zumdahl Zumdahl DeCoste

2. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Chapter 12 Chemical Bonding

3. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.3 Figure 12.1: The formation of a bond between two atoms.

4. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.4 Figure 12.2: Probability representations of the electron sharing in HF.

5. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.5 Table 12.1

6. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.6 Figure 12.3: Electronegativity values for selected elements.

7. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.7 Figure 12.4: The three possible types of bonds.

8. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.8 Figure 12.5: Charge distribution in the water molecule.

9. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 Figure 12.5: Water molecule behaves as if it had a positive and negative end.

10. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.10 Figure 12.6: Polar water molecules are strongly attracted to positive ions by their negative ends.

11. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 Figure 12.6: Polar water molecules are strongly attracted to negative ions by their positive ends.

12. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.12 Table 12.2

13. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.13 Table 12.3

14. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14 Figure 12.8: Ions as packed spheres.

15. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.15 Figure 12.8: Positions (centers) of the ions.

16. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.16 Figure 12.9: Relative sizes of some ions and their parent atoms.

17. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.17 Figure 12.12: Molecular structure of methane.

18. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.18 Figure 12.13: Tetrahedral arrangement of electron pairs.

19. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.19 Figure 12.13: Hydrogen atoms occupy only three corners of the tetrahedron.

20. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.20 Figure 12.13: The NH 3 molecule has the trigonal pyramid structure.

21. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.21 Figure 12.14: Tetrahedral arrangement of four electron pairs around oxygen.

22. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.22 Figure 12.14: Two electron pairs shared between oxygen and hydrogen atoms.

23. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.23 Figure 12.14: V-shaped molecular structure of the water molecule.

24. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.24 Table 12.4