1. Protein Synthesis (DNA and RNA)

2. DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Located in the nucleus Double helix  Twisted ladder

3. DNA Watson and Crick described the structure of DNA in 1953 The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962 was awarded jointly to Crick, Watson and Wilkins "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material". Francis CrickJames Watson

4. DNA DNA Nucleotide  Sugar - Deoxyribose  Phosphate  Base Adenine – Thymine Guanine – Cytosine Mnemonic devices  A and T spell “AT” or All Tigers Can Grow

5. DNA Sides of ladder are consisted of sugars and phosphates Rungs of ladder are consisted of nitrogen bases

7. DNA Hydrogen bonds – hold bases together

8. DNA Replication One strand of DNA “unzips” and make two strands of DNA by binding with free nucleotides

9. DNA Replication

10. RNA Different types are used to translate instructions from DNA into making proteins Ribonucleic acid Located in the cytoplasm

11. RNA RNA Nucleotide  Sugar - Ribose  Phosphate  Base Adenine – Uracil Guanine – Cytosine  Mnemonic devices All Unicorns Can Grow or All Unibrows Can Grow U

12. Complementary Base Pairing DNA  A-T  C-G Examples of DNA replication:  A-T-C-G-G-C-A-T-C  A-A-C-T-G-G-G-C-G RNA  A-U  C-G Examples of transcription:  A-T-C-A-C-A-G-T-A  C-A-G-G-A-C-T-A-G

13. RNA Three types of RNA  Messenger RNA (mRNA) Half of a ladder  Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Hamburger bun shaped  Transfer RNA (tRNA) Attach to mRNA mRNA tRNA rRNA

14. Codons Codon – a sequence of three nucleotide bases that represents the “code” for one amino acid Amino acid – a building block for proteins

15. Codons Start codon - tells cells to begin making amino acids  AUG Stop codon – tell cells to cease amino acid production  UAG  UGA  UAA

16. Transcription The first stage in making amino acids DNA is the blueprint for making amino acids Transcription occurs in the nucleus

17. Transcription DNA unzips and free ribonucleotides bind to the DNA strand The finished product is a mRNA strand mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm

18. Translation The second stage in producing amino acids Translation occurs in the cytoplasm A ribosome (or rRNA) attaches to a mRNA and scans the mRNA

19. Translation One tRNA (or an anticodon) will attach to a codon to produce an amino acid After an amino acid is formed, the tRNA will detach from the mRNA Amino acids are held together by peptide bonds Two or more amino acids form a peptide

21. Progression of a protein  Amino acid – the building blocks of proteins  Peptide – two or more amino acids  Polypeptide – several amino acids  Protein – several polypeptide chains

23. Codons There are 20 amino acids in the human body and 64 different ways to express them  9 essential amino acids  11 nonessential and conditional amino acids Essential amino acids – cannot be made by the body; as a result, they must come from food Nonessential – our bodies produce an amino acid

24. Codons Codon Wheel

25. Codons Codon Chart