1. Chapter Two 第二章 后元音 Back Vowels: / ɑ : / / ɔ / / ɔ : / / u / / u: / Time: 2 periods

2. Chapter two The first period 第二章 第一学时 后元音 Back vowels: / ɑ : / / ɔ / / ɔ : /

3. Warming-up Exercise Please read the following phrases in falling tone and rising tone, pay attention to the words containing / ɑ :/ / ɔ / / ɔ :/ /u/ & /u:/ sounds.

4. Warming-up Exercise / ɑ :/ a fast car / a large shark / a starved artist / ɔ / socks and stockings / borrow a novel / clocks and watches / ɔ :/ more and more / on the fourth floor / a short story /u/ look for the cook / woolen socks / stood in the foot /u:/ a new rule / useful tools / stoop by a cool pool

5. / ɑ :/ / ɔ / / ɔ :/ /u/ /u:/ There are five back vowels: / ɑ :/ / ɔ / / ɔ :/ /u/ /u:/ For all of them the tip of tongue is withdrawn towards the soft palate, lip-rounding plays an important part in producing all the back vowels except for / ɑ :/

6. / ɑ :/ The tongue is held very low. The mouth is opened with no lip-rounding. The sound is like the exclamation “ Ah ”.

7. / ɑ :/ is usually read in the following letter or combine letters: a ar al au plant glassclass fast basket star park car parcel hard calm half palm (l is silent) aunt laugh

8. Phrases & Sentences a fast car a starved artist a laugh star a starry March night half past nine The dancing part stopped at half past five. Arthur didn ’ t pass the art exam. He laughs best who laughs last. A large army marched past the grassland.

9. /ɔ//ɔ/ The sound is made with open jaws and slight open lip-rounding, the back of the tongue is kept very low and far back.

10. / ɔ / is usually read in the following letters or combined letters: o a ou au cop lock hot clock novel want what was watch quality cough trough because sausage Austria Australia

11. Phrases & Sentences clocks and watches cotton socks borrow a novel wash the mop cost a lot watch that small fox John has got a pot of hot water. Lots and lots of clocks and watches has gone wrong. The robber ’ s name is Robert.

12. / ɔ :/ This sound has a low, mid-back tongue position; the lips are tense and protruded.

13. / ɔ :/ is usually read in the following combined letters: aw or au ar al ore oor oar our ough augh saw jaw law yawn draw horse born cord sword cause fault war fall all salt talk tore before more board door four fought taught daughter

14. Phrases & Sentences more score short stories walk across the lawn morning news report forty horses to put more salt Your four daughters are all very tall. The reporter gave an important talk in the auditorium. You ought to do what the doctor ordered.

15. Comparison Between / ɑ :/ & / ɔ / and / ɔ :/ & / ɔ / / ɑ :/ /ɔ//ɔ// ɔ ://ɔ//ɔ/ dark 黑 dock 码头 cork 软木 cock 公鸡 guard 看守 god 神 short 短 shot 射击 sharp 锋利 shop 商店 chalk 粉笔 chock 垫块 heart 心脏 hot 热 cord 粗浅 cod 鳕鱼

16. Advice to Students Some students often confuse / ɑ :/ with / ɔ /. In their pronunciation, part/p ɑ :t/ sound like pot/p ɔ t/. This mistake may be corrected if they round their lips a little. Many students substitute / ɔ :/ for / ɔ /. In their pronunciation, sport /sp ɔ :t/ and spot /sp ɔ t/ sound alike. To avoid such a mistake, they should open the lower jaw less wide (about two thirds of the jaw-opening for / ɔ /) and raise the back of the tongue higher.

17. Games and Activities Games and Activities

18. Practice Tick the right word you heard: Did you buy a (cart, cat)? He likes her (form, farm). The (clerk, clock) is slow. It ’ s a good coat, but I don ’ t like the (colour, collar). She wanted to find a (potter, porter). The man was (shot, short).

19. Pair work A: Hey, don ’ t walk on the lawn. B: Sorry, I ’ m looking for my wallet. A: You lost your wallet? Anything important in it? B: Yes. A lot of money. Almost four thousand dollars. A: That ’ s too bad. Better report to the police officer walking there.

20. After-class assignments Review and memorize the words, phrases, sentences in class. Make sentences containing back vowels / ɑ :/ / ɔ / / ɔ : /. Listen to the tapes and practice the three back vowels / ɑ : / / ɔ / / ɔ : /.

21. Chapter two The second period 第二章 第二学时 后元音 Back vowels: / u / / u: /

22. Warning-up exercise /u/ look for the cook / woolen socks / stood in the foot /u:/ a new rule / useful tools / stoop by a cool pool

23. /u/ This sound is produced with the tongue in a relaxed position. The lips are loosely rounded.

24. /u/ is usually read in the following letters or combined letters: u o oo ou put full sugar bull push butcher wolf woman bosom to good stood wood foot soot (before t and d in the words) book cook hook look took shook (before k in the words) could should would

25. Phrases & Sentences look for the cook push aside the butcher a good-looking woman took the book cook the soup put the sugar in the bottle The cook understood the sugar was no good. He took a book to the wood and had a good look at it. The woman couldn ’ t push the cart full of wood.

26. /u:/ The back of the tongue is raised the highest. This sound is the most tense and most lip-rounded of the back vowels.

27. /u:/ is usually read in the following letters and combined letters: o u oo ou ue ew oe do who move lose June rude Susan too food soon moon spoon you group soup through glue true blue chew juice shoe

28. Phrases & Sentences food and soup blue boots choose a good school at noon in June Stoop by a cool pool useful tools That news is too good to be true. That student blew up a blue balloon on an afternoon in June. As a rule, Sue is foolish and stupid at school.

29. Comparison Between /u:/ & /u/ /u://u//u://u/ Luke 卢克 ( 男子名 ) look 看 cooed 鸽子 叫声 could 能 fool 傻瓜 full 充满 who ’ d =who would hood 头巾 pool 水池 pull 拉 stool 凳子 stood 站 wooed 求婚 wood 木头 shoot 射击 should 应该

30. Advice to Students Students sometime confuse /u:/ with /u/. Remember the English /u:/ is somewhat relaxed though it is a long vowel. In the pronunciation of /u:/, the lips are more rounded and closed than for /u/. The back of the tongue is raised higher, too.

31. A Brief Summary of the English Back Vowels The English back vowels have the following features in common: The tongue is retracted, the back part is raised to various levels in the direction of the soft palate. The tip of the tongue is slightly drawn away from the lower teeth. For / ɔ ɔ : u u:/ the lips are rounded, but for / ɑ :/ the lips are not.

32. Games and activities

33. Read the following short poem paying attention to the sounds between /u:/ and /u/: At noon I took a book. And sat by the pool in the wood. And put my foot in the pool. Oh, how cool! 中午我拿着一本书， 坐在林中的水池边。 我把脚放在水池中， 噢，好凉爽！

34. Learn to sing: Edelweiss Edelweiss, edelweiss, Every morning you greet me. Small and white, Clean and bright. You look happy to meet me. Blossom of snow, May you bloom and grow, Bloom and grow forever. Edelweiss, edelweiss, Bless my homeland forever.

35. After-class assignments 1. Review and memorize the words, phrases, sentences in class. 2. Make sentences containing back vowels / u / / u: /. 3. Reading practice “ The Boy Who Cried Wolf ” （朗读材料 见课件） 4. 完成课后练习 葆青编著 高等教育出版社出版 《实用 英语语音》 P94 练习二： 1 、题 1 ）、 2 ）、 3 ）、 4 ）、 2 、 题， P94-95 3 题 1 ）、 2 ）、 3 ）、 4 ）， P96 4 题 5. 完成课后练习 胡文仲 祝珏 马元曦 李贺 编 外语教学与 研究出版社出版 《大学英语教程》第一册 P28-30 后元 音 / ɑ : / / ɔ / / ɔ : / / u / / u: / 相关单词、短语和句子练习。

36. The Boy Who Cried Wolf A shepherd boy was looking after his sheep on the mountain. He was bored so hi shouted, “ Help! Wolf! ” Then he watched all the people run up the mountain from the town. He laughed. “ Where ’ s the wolf? Where ’ s the wolf? ” the people asked. “ It ran away! ” the boy said. Next day he was bored so he shouted, “ Help! Wolf! ” Then he watched all the people run up the mountain from the town. “ Where ’ s the wolf? Where ’ s the wolf? ” the people asked. “ It ran away! ” the boy said. On the third day a wolf came s he shouted “ Help! Wolf! ” The people in the town heard him but they said, “ It ’ s not true. He ’ s bored. He wants to see us run up the mountain. ” So the wolf ate the sheep and the boy.