1. The Research in FishBase Rainer Froese IfM-GEOMAR

2. Classes of Fishes

3. There are Six Classes of Fishes ClassesCommon ancestor (million y) Orders (n) Families (n) Genera (n) Species (n, %) Myxini (hagfishes) 600116710.2 Cephalaspidomorphi (lampreys) 450119420.1 Holocephali (chimaeras) 420136380.1 Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays) 42011451759753.4 Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes) 420344110.04 Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) 400454704,64028,36396.1 Total 625244,84029,500100 Source: FishBase 09/2006

4. Key Trait: Size smallmediumlargevery large 23,603 species

5. What You Eat You Are (+1) Trophic level Phytoplankton Top predators Prey fish Zooplankton................... *.......... *.*. *.*.......  10% *. 4 3 2 1

6. Key Trait: Trophic Level 7,161 species herbi- vore omnivorelow-level predatormid-level predator top- predator

7. Key Trait: Productivity (modified after Musick 1999) ParameterHighMediumLowVery low r max (1/year)> 0.50.16 – 0.500.05 – 0.15< 0.05 t d (years)<1.41.4 - 4.44.5 - 14> 14 Interest rate (%)> 6517 – 655 - 16< 5 K (1/year)> 0.30.16 – 0.300.05 – 0.15< 0.05 Fecundity (1/year)> 10,000100 – 100010 – 100< 10 t m (years)< 12 – 45 – 10> 10 t max (years)1 – 34 – 1011 – 30> 30

8. Productivity is a Proxy for Metabolism

9. Trait Correlation: Size vs Troph

10. Predators are Larger than Prey

11. Trait Correlation: Size vs Productivity

12. Phylogeny Limits Traits: Size Hagfish Lampreys Chimaeras Sharks & rays Lobe-finned Ray-finned small medium large very large

13. Phylogeny Limits Traits: Troph Hagfish Lampreys Chimaeras Sharks & rays Lobe-finned Ray-finned

14. Occupation of Size-Troph Space

15. Occupation of Size-Productivity Space

16. Occupation of Troph-Productivity Space

17. Occupation of size–productivity– troph-space for 20,480 species of fishes. Full cell width is 1000 species. Source: FishBase 11/2004

18. Occupation of size–productivity– troph-space for 620 species of sharks and rays. Full cell width is 1000 species. Source: FishBase 11/2004

19. Life Span and Growth Taylor 1958 Age at 0.95 L ∞ t max = 3/K

20. Life Span and Size

21. The Most Important Point in Life where growth rate is maximum where gonad growth rate is maximum where likely reproductive effort is maximum (l t m t function) where reproductive biomass of the cohort is maximum t opt = 1.65 E

22. The Most Important Point in Life t opt = 1.65 E L opt = 0.67 L ∞ W opt = 0.3 W ∞

23. Evolution Does Not Miss… 0.67 L ∞ = t opt 0.35 L ∞ = t opt - E live bearers sharks & rays low fecundity high fecundity survival of offspring Related to parent size survival of offspring indepenent of parent size

24. But Fishing Does… Start before first maturity Double mortality (if not more) E = 1/M Reduce reproductive phase by half Undermine the productivity on which it depends

25. Thanks to the FishBase Team

26. Thanks to our Donors

27. Thank You Comments? Questions?