1. Chapter 30 The Americas in the Age of Independence 1©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

2. Westward Expansion of the United States Rapid westward expansion after the revolution  Britain ceded all lands east of the Mississippi River to United States after the revolution  1803, United States purchased France's Louisiana Territory, west to the Rocky Mountains  By 1840s, coast-to-coast expansion was claimed as the manifest destiny of the United States ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2

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5. Conflict with Indigenous Peoples  1830, Indian Removal Act forced eastern natives to move west of the Mississippi  Thousands died on the “Trail of Tears" to Oklahoma  Cherokees migrate 800 miles: the Trail of Tears (1838-1839); thousands die en route  Stiff resistance to expansion: Battle of Little Big Horn, 1876, Sioux victory  U.S. massacre at Wounded Knee, 1890, ended Indian Wars 5 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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7. Wounded Knee ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 7

8. The Mexican-American War (1845-1848) Mexico then included Texas, California, New Mexico Texas, influenced by many U.S. settlers, declares independence from Mexico in 1836  Accepted into Union in 1845 despite Mexican protest Conflict ensues, Mexico forced to cede territory in Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) in exchange for 15 million dollars ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 8

9. Westward Expansion of the United States during the Nineteenth Century ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 9

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11. Sectional Conflict Major issue: slavery to be allowed in new territories? Tobacco cultivation on decline, but cotton industry spurs new demand for slaves U.S. slave population rises from 500,000 in 1770 to 2 million in 1820 Missouri Compromise (1820) attempts to strike balance between slave and free states 11 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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13. US Civil War, 1861-1865 With Lincoln's election, eleven southern states seceded from the Union Southerners believed their economy of cotton and slaves was self-sufficient Northerners fought to preserve the Union as much as in opposition to slavery In 1863, Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation made abolition a goal of the war By 1865, the industrial north defeated the agricultural south The war ended slavery, enhanced authority of the federal government ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 13

14. Latin America Creole elites produce republics with constitutions But less experience with self-rule  Spanish, Portuguese more autocratic than British Creoles also limit wide participation in politics Conflict with indigenous peoples Caudillos (regional military leaders) come to power  Took advantage of chaotic times  Used personal army to crush opposition; opposed liberal reforms ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14

15. The Mexican Revolution (1910-1920) Middle-class Mexicans, peasants and workers join to overthrow dictator Porfirio Díaz (1830-1915) Revolutionary leaders Emiliano Zapata (1879-1919) and Francisco (Pancho) Villa (1878-1923) lead masses of landless peasants With U.S. support, Mexican government regained control Popular, but unable to take major cities Mexican Constitution of 1917 addresses many of the major concerns of land redistribution 15 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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17. Latin America in the Nineteenth Century ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 17

18. American Economic Development Industrial migrants to United States and Canada  In 1850s, 2.3 million Europeans migrated to the United States, and the number increased after that  The low cost of immigrant labor contributed to U.S. industrial expansion  1852-1875, two hundred thousand Chinese migrated to California to work in mines and railroads 18 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

19. Economic Expansion Railroads integrated national economy by late nineteenth century  Two hundred thousand miles of railroad in United States by 1900, coast to coast  Economic stimulus: 75 percent of steel went to railroads, supported other industries Railroads changed American landscape and timetables; set time zones by 1880s Dramatic economic growth between 1870 and 1900  New inventions and technologies: electric lights, telephones 19 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

20. Latin American Dependence Colonial legacy prevented industrialization of Latin American states  Spain and Portugal never encouraged industries  Creole elites continued land-based economies after independence British didn't invest in industry in Latin America; no market for manufactured goods  Instead invested in cattle and sheep ranching in Argentina  Supplied British wool and beef; most of profits returned to Britain 20 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

21. Attempts Some attempts at industrialization with limited success  Diaz encouraged foreign investors to build rails, telegraphs, and mines  Profits to Mexican oligarchy and foreign investors, not for further development  While Mexican industry boomed, average Mexican standard of living declined Economic growth in Latin America driven by exports: silver, beef, bananas, coffee ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 21

22. Societies in the United States By late nineteenth century, United States was a multicultural society but was dominated by white elites Native peoples had been pushed onto reservations  Dawes Act, 1887: encouraged natives to take up farming, often on marginal land  Slaughter of buffalo threatened plains Indians' survival  Children sent to boarding schools, lost native language and traditions 22 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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25. Freed Slaves Freed slaves often denied civil rights  Northern armies forced the south to undergo Reconstruction (1867-68)  After Reconstruction, a violent backlash overturned reforms  South rigidly segregated; blacks denied opportunities, political rights 25 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

26. American Women and Immigrants American women's movement had limited success in nineteenth century  Sought education, employment, and political rights Migrants: 25 million Europeans to America from 1840- 1914  Hostile reaction to foreigners from "native-born" Americans  Newcomers concentrated in districts like Little Italy and Chinatown ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 26

27. Diversity in Latin America Complex social structure, based on racial background  Europeans, natives, African slaves, and combinations thereof Increasing migration in nineteenth century from Asia No significant women's movement; some efforts to improve education for girls 27 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.