1. Photosynthesis: Light Independent Reactions

2. Overview of Light Independent Reactions: The Calvin Cycle (the synthesis part of photosynthesis) Occurs in the stroma Uses ATP as an energy source Uses NADPH as reducing power Goal: make glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (used to make glucose and other organic compounds)

3. The Calvin Cycle

4. Phase 1: Carbon fixation 1.Three molecules of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP), a 5 carbon compound, binds to three incoming CO 2 molecules in a process called carbon fixation. 2.Fixation is catalyzed by a enzyme called RuBP carboxylase (rubisco) 3.The result is three unstable 6-carbon molecules which immediately break apart into six 3-carbon compounds called 3-phosphoglycerate

6. Phase 2: Reduction 1.The 3-phosphoglycerate then receives a phosphate group from ATP which changes it to six molecules of 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate ( this makes 6 ATP now return back to 6 ADP ) 2.The 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate is reduced by gaining the electrons from NADPH ( made in light dependent reactions ) to six molecules of glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate, G3P ( a phosphate group is also released during reaction, energy from the breaking of the bond used to make G3P )

7. One G3P molecule is used to make glucose, other 5 are recycled back to continue the Calvin Cycle

8. Phase 3: Regeneration of CO 2 acceptor (RuBP) 1.The 5 molecules of G3P that were not an output of the cycle are rearranged into three molecules of the initial molecule, RuBP (energy for rearrangement fueled by ATP) 2.Now, RuBP is recycled and ready to once again accept incoming CO 2 …the cycle repeats

10. Output from the Calvin cycle: It takes 3 molecules of CO 2 to make 1 molecule of usable G3P…and therefore it takes 6 molecules of CO 2 to make one molecule of glucose – Note: if 3 CO 2 are entering per turn of the cycle, it takes 2 turns to make 1 glucose For each turn of cycle, 9 molecules of ATP and 6 molecules of NADPH are used

12. Light dependent reactionLight independent reactions Occurs on thylakoid membrane Occurs in the stroma Uses light energy to form ATP, NADPH, O 2 Uses ATP, NADPH, and CO 2 to form G3P Splits water in photolysis to provide replacement electrons and H + ions and to release O 2 into the atmosphere Returns ADP, phosphate, and NADP to the light dependent reactions Includes two electron transport chains and photosystems I and II Involves the 3 phases of the Calvin cycle

13. Calvin Cycle Simulation http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio231/calvin.html