1. Mendel’s Laws of Probabilities in Offspring Standard 7 Ashley and Irum

2. Mendel’s Laws: A History Gregor Mendel was born in Heinzendorf bei Odrau, Czech Republic. He worked as a gardener studying beekeeping and as a physics teacher in an abbey. He was known as the father of modern genetics. He studied about dominant and recessive alleles in pea plants. He wrote a paper called, “Experiments on Plant Hybridization”. It was published in 1866. After peas, he studied honeybees again. He became an abbot in 1868, after which he discontinued his scientific work on account of his increased administrative responsibilities.

3. Mendel’s Laws  The Law of Segregation of Characteristics:  States that from a pair of characteristics, only one can be represented in a reproductive cell.  The Law of Independent Assortment:  States that the genes for two characteristics are inherited independently.

4. Punnett Punnett Squares This table represents three possible genotypes, along with indicating how likely a particular offspring of this mating is to have a certain genotype. This table represents three possible genotypes, along with indicating how likely a particular offspring of this mating is to have a certain genotype. The capital letters represents the dominant gene, while the lower case letters represents the recessive gene. The capital letters represents the dominant gene, while the lower case letters represents the recessive gene.

5. Recessive vs. Dominant Inheritance The offspring of this mating can be affected, not affected, or carriers as shown by the table on the right.

6. Vocabulary Phenotype-the appearance of an organism, resulting from the interaction of the genotype and environment. Genotype- the genetic make-up of an organism that is determined by a single trait, set of traits, or an entire complex of traits. Heterozygous-having dissimilar pairs of genes for any given hereditary characteristic. Homozygous-having identical pairs of genes for any given pair of hereditary characteristics.

7. What’s the Difference? Homozygous genes are represented as either both capital letters (BB) or both lower case letters (bb). Heterozygous genes are represented as one capital letter and one lower case letter (Bb).

8. QUIZ TIME!!! Take out your pens and paper!!!!!!!!

9. #1: Egyptian Mau cats are genetically crossed for certain lengths of fur. A breeder knows that short hair is dominant over long hair. If 75% of the kittens are born with short hair, what are the parents’ most likely genotypes? A: the male is a heterozygous, short-haired cat, and the female a homozygous short-haired cat. B: the male is a homozygous, long-haired cat, and the female is a heterozygous, short-haired cat. C: the male is a homozygous, short-haired cat, and the female is a heterozygous, short-haired cat. D: the male is a heterozygous, short-haired cat, and the female is a heterozygous, short-haired cat.

10. Because the parents both have the less dominant gene, the majority of the kittens must show the less dominant gene as well. D

11. #2: Brown eye color is dominant to blue eye color. A heterozygous brown eyed father and a blue eyed mother have four children. Which statement best describes the children’s predicted phenotypes? A: 50% of children will have brown eyes, and 50% will have blue. B: 75% of the children will have brown eyes and 25% will have blue. C: 75% of the children will have blue eyes and 25% will have brown. D: 100% of the children will have brown eyes.

12. The dominance of the father’s brown eyes is lessened because it is heterozygous, so the blue-eyed trait stands out more than 25% A

13. #3: Which genetic cross will produce all heterozygous offspring? A: RR x rr B: rr x rr C: RR x RR D: Rr x Rr

14. Heterozygous x heterozygous = homozygous Homozygous x homozygous = heterozygous A

15. #4: What kind of letter represents homozygotes? A: RR B: Rr

16. (see “What’s the Difference?”) A

17. #5: What kind of letter represents heterozygotes? A: RR B: Rr

18. (see “What’s the Difference?”) B

19. #6: The offspring of a mating can be affected, not affected, or ________ by a trait. A: Re- affected B: Determined C: Defected D: Carried

20. Carried D

21. #7: How many Laws does Mendel have? A: 3 B: 6 C: 2 D: 1

22. 2 C

23. #8: What was one of Mendel’s Laws? A: The Law of Conservation of Mass. B: The Law of Segregation of Characteristics. C: The Law of Recessiveness. D: The Law of Intensity of Alleles.

24. The 2 Laws are the Law of Segregation of Characteristics and the Law of Independent Assortment B

25. #9: What was Mendel’s first job? A: Zookeeper B: Biologist C: Geneticist D: Gardener

26. Gardener D

27. #10: What was the name of Mendel’s paper? What year was it published? A: “Experiments on Plant Hybridization” ; 1866 B: “Experimenting with Nature” ; 1868 C: “Experiments on Plant Hybridization” ; 1868 D: “Experimenting with Nature” ; 1866

28. He wrote a paper named “Experiments on Plant Hybridization” that was published in 1866. A

29. #11: What things did he study? A: Pea plants and human babies B: Pea plants and honeybees C: Chickens and lima beans D: Garbanzo beans and lima beans

30. Mendel studied the genes of Pea plants and honeybees. B

31. #12: For what reason did he quit his studies? A: He grew tired of genetics B: He got Ebola C: His father died D: He became an abbot

32. Because he became an abbot, his workload increased and he became immersed in his administrative responsibilities. D

33. #13: What did Mendel study as a gardener? A: Weeds B: Butterflies C: Bees D: Honey

34. Bees C

35. #14: What is a Phenotype? A: The appearance of an organism resulting from the interaction of the genotype and the environment. B: The genetic makeup of an organism that is determined by a trait, set of traits, or an entire complex of traits. C: Having dissimilar pairs of genes for any given hereditary characteristic. D: Having identical pairs of genes for any given pair of hereditary characteristics.

36. (see “Vocabulary”) A

37. #15: What is the Law of Independent Assortment? A: It states that for a characteristic, two phenotypes can be present. B: It states that the genes for two characteristics are inherited independently. C: It states that genes are assorted independently. D: It states that out of a pair of characteristics, only one can be represented in a reproductive cell.

38. The Law of Independent Assortment states that the genes for two characteristics are inherited independently. B