1. Chapter 3 Section 1 Mendel’s Work

2. Gregor Mendel Young priest that worked in the garden at a monastery in Vienna. Considered the “Father of Genetics”

3. Mendel’s Work - Vocabulary Traits A physical characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes. Heredity Passing of traits from parent to offspring Genetics Scientific study of heredity

4. Mendel’s Experiments What type of plant did Gregor Mendel use for most of his studies? The Pea Plant

5. Mendel’s Peas Peas are good plants to use for genetic studies because: Many traits exist only in two forms (i.e. tall and short) And…. Peas produce many offspring in one generation making it is easy to collect and analyze large amounts of data.

6. How did Mendel make his crosses? – Basics First.. Pea plants reproduce by the same method as most plants. The pollen (male reproductive part of a plant) is transferred to the pistil (female reproductive part of a plant) and the ovary is fertilized producing a fruit. Pollen can be transferred by many methods such as wind, water and bees. Pollen

7. How did Mendel make his crosses? Tall Plant Short Plant 1.Mendel transferred the pollen from one plant to the pistil of another plant. For example, pollen from a tall plant was used to fertilize the pistil of a short plant essentially making the father plant tall, and the mother plant short. 2.In order to prevent self pollination, Mendel removed the pollen producing parts of the short plant

8. Mendel’s Experiments Purebred Plant One that always produces offspring with the same form of a trait as the parent For example….

9. Purebred pink plants will always produce pink plants X X White flower would mean the parents are not purebred

10. Mendel’s Experiments How did Mendel make sure he had purebred plants to make his crosses? By allowing pea plants of one particular trait self pollinate for several generations.

11. Mendel’s Experiments In Mendel’s first experiment he crossed PUREBRED TALL plants with PUREBRED SHORT plants. These plants were called the parental generation or the P generation The offspring of this cross was called the first filial generation or the F 1 generation. After the F 1 plants self pollinated they produced the second filial generation or the F 2 generation

12. What types of plants (Short/Tall) did Mendel observe in the F1 generation? All Tall plants What types of plants (Short/Tall) did Mendel observe in the F2 generation? A mix of short and tall plants. The ratio of tall to short was 3 to 1 or 75% tall and 25% short. Mendel’s Experiments

13. Other “opposite” traits that Mendel studied (Figure 3 on page 83). Seed Shape – round (dominant) wrinkled (recessive) Seed Color – yellow (dominant) green (recessive) Seed Coat Color – gray (dominant) white (recessive) Pod Shape – smooth (dominant) pinched (recessive) Pod Color– green (dominant) yellow (recessive) Flower Position– side (dominant) end (recessive)

14. What conclusions did Mendel arrive at from his experiments with peas? Some sort of “factor” controls the inheritance of traits in pea plants. These “factors” exist in pairs with the female contributing one factor and the male contributing the other. One factor can “mask” the presence of the other. Mendel’s Experiments

15. What modern words do we now use for Mendel’s discoveries. Mendel said “factors.” Today scientist call these factors that control traits genes. Mendel concluded that these genetic factors exist in pairs. Today we call these two forms of a gene alleles. Mendel realized that one factor in the pair can mask the other. Today we know these as dominant alleles and recessive alleles. Mendel’s Experiments

16. Mendel’s Work - Vocabulary Dominant Allele One whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present. Recessive Allele One that is masked or covered up when the dominant allele is present. Recessive traits only show up when two recessive alleles are present. Hybrid An organism that has two different alleles for a trait.

18. Dominant and Recessive Alleles In modern genetics scientist represent the dominant allele with a capitol letter and the recessive allele with the lower case version of the same letter. The same letter is used for the dominant and the recessive allele. For example…. Tall plants would be represented by T Short plants would be represented by t

19. Dominant and Recessive Alleles Assigning the letter to the allele is random. However scientist often use the dominant trait. Examples… Seed color: Yellow YGreen y Seed coat color: Gray GWhite g Seed shape: Round RWrinkled r

20. Dominant and Recessive Alleles Genes exist in pairs and are made up of two alleles. One allele comes from mom and the other allele comes from dad. Assign the following allele combinations. A plant that inherits two alleles for Yellow seed color YY A plant that inherits one allele for Yellow seed color and one allele green seed color Yy A plant that inherits two alleles for wrinkled seeds rr A plant that inherits one allele for round seed shape and one allele wrinkled seed shape Rr A plant that inherits two alleles gray seed coat color GG

21. Phenotypes and Genotypes Phenotype Physical appearance or visible trait Example is flower color, stem height etc. Genotype The genetic makeup or allele combination Examples are TT or Tt Genotypes determine phenotypes

22. Phenotypes and Genotypes Figure 9 on the top of page 92 Phenotypes are Tall and Short Genotypes for tall plants are TT and Tt Only genotype that can produce a short plant is tt

23. Question 31 Refer back to Question 25. What will the seeds look like? (What is their phenotype?) Refer back to Question 25. What will the seeds look like? (What is their phenotype?) A. yellow A. yellow B. yellow B. yellow C. wrinkled C. wrinkled D. round D. round E. gray E. gray

24. Homozygous and Heterozygous Homozygous An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait TT – homozygous dominant tt – homozygous recessive Heterozygous An organism that has two different alleles for a trait Tt – heterozygous – will show the dominant trait

25. Homozygous and Heterozygous What term did Mendel use that means the same thing as heterozygous? Hybrid