1. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life Chapter 1

2. Overview: Inquiring About the World of Life Evolution is the process of change that has transformed life on Earth Biology is the scientific study of life Biologists ask questions such as: – How a single cell develops into an organism – How the human mind works – How living things interact in communities Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

3. What is Life???? Life defies a simple, one-sentence definition Life is recognized by what living things do Video: Seahorse Camouflage Video: Seahorse Camouflage Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

4. Order Evolutionary adaptation Response to the environment Reproduction Growth and development Energy processing Regulation Fig. 1-3

5. Fig. 1-3a Order

6. Fig. 1-3b Evolutionary adaptation

7. Fig. 1-3c Response to the environment

8. Fig. 1-3d Reproduction

9. Fig. 1-3e Growth and development

10. Fig. 1-3f Energy processing

11. Fig. 1-3g Regulation

12. Concept 1.1: Themes connect the concepts of biology Biology consists of more than memorizing factual details Themes help to organize biological information Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

13. Evolution, the Overarching Theme of Biology Evolution explains everything we know about living organisms All life on Earth comes from modifications from common ancestors Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

14. Theme: New properties emerge at each level in the biological hierarchy Life can be studied at different levels from molecules to the entire living planet What is the smallest unit that can be studied? What is the largest unit that can be studied? Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

15. Fig. 1-4 p. 4-5 The biosphere Communities Populations Organisms Ecosystems Organs and organ systems Cells Cell Organelles Atoms Molecules Tissues 10 µm 1 µm 50 µm

16. The biosphere Communities Populations Organisms Ecosystems Fig. 1-4a

17. Fig. 1-4b Organs and organ systems Cells Cell Organelles Atoms Molecules Tissues 10 µm 1 µm 50 µm

18. Emergent Properties Properties that arise at each successive level of hierarchy and depend on each other for function Ex.) Bicycle: – When in a box it will not move – When put together movement is possible Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

19. The Power and Limitations of Reductionism Reductionism Reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study – For example, the molecular structure of DNA Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

20. Systems Biology A system is a combination of components that function together Systems Biology Constructs models for the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems The systems approach poses questions such as: – How does a drug for blood pressure affect other organs? – How does increasing CO 2 alter the biosphere? Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

21. Theme: Organisms interact with their environments, exchanging matter and energy How do all organisms interact with their environment? By nonliving and living interactions What could be some of these? Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

22. Ecosystem Dynamics 2 Major Processes Cycling of nutrients Materials acquired by plants eventually return to the soil Flow of energy Sunlight to producers to consumers Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

23. Fig. 1-5 Sunlight Ecosystem Heat Cycling of chemical nutrients Producers (plants and other photosynthetic organisms) Chemical energy Consumers (such as animals)

24. Energy Conversion Work requires a source of energy Energy can be stored in different forms Light, Chemical, Kinetic, or Thermal Energy exchange involves energy transformations Energy flows through an ecosystem, usually entering as light and exiting as heat Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

25. Theme: Structure and function are correlated at all levels of biological organization Structure and function of living organisms are closely related So Structure always relates to Function Ex) Leaf is thin and flat WHY???? maximizing the capture of light by chloroplasts Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

26. (a) Wings (c) Neurons (b) Bones Infoldings of membrane Mitochondrion (d) Mitochondria 0.5 µm 100 µm Fig. 1-6

27. Theme: Cells are an organism’s basic units of structure and function Cell is the lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life All cells: Are enclosed by a membrane Use DNA as their genetic information Ability of cells to divide is the basis of all reproduction, growth, and repair of multicellular organisms Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

28. Eukaryotic cell Has membrane-enclosed organelles (has a nucleus) Prokaryotic cell Smaller and does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles Bacteria and Archaea are Prokaryotic cells What are examples of Eukaryotic cells Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

29. 1 µm Organelles Nucleus (contains DNA) Cytoplasm Membrane DNA (no nucleus) Membrane Eukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cell Fig. 1-8

30. Theme: The continuity of life is based on heritable information in the form of DNA Discuss DNA Where is DNA found in cell? Chromosomes in nucleus What are chromosomes used for? Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

31. DNA Structure and Function What is DNA’s structure? Two long chains arranged in a double helix consisting of nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, N base) What is DNA’s function? Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

32. Nuclei containing DNA Sperm cell Egg cell Fertilized egg with DNA from both parents Embryo’s cells with copies of inherited DNA Offspring with traits inherited from both parents Fig. 1-9

33. Fig. 1-10 Nucleus DNA Cell Nucleotide (a) DNA double helix(b) Single strand of DNA

34. Theme: Feedback mechanisms regulate biological systems Feedback mechanisms regulate biological processes Negative feedback As more of a product accumulates, the process that creates it slows and less of the product is produced Positive feedback- As more of a product accumulates, the process that creates it speeds up and more of the product is produced Animation: Negative Feedback Animation: Negative Feedback Animation: Positive Feedback Animation: Positive Feedback Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

35. Fig. 1-13 Negative feedback  Excess D blocks a step D D D A B C Enzyme 1 Enzyme 2 Enzyme 3 D (a) Negative feedback W Enzyme 4 X Positive feedback Enzyme 5 Y + Enzyme 6 Excess Z stimulates a step Z Z Z Z (b) Positive feedback

36. Concept 1.2: The Core Theme: Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life How diverse is life? Approximately 1.8 million species have been identified and named to date Estimated actual number of species that exist range from 10 million to over 100 million Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

37. Grouping Species: The Basic Idea Taxonomy Branch of biology that names and classifies species into groups Domains, Kingdoms, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

38. Fig. 1-14 SpeciesGenusFamilyOrderClassPhylumKingdomDomain Ursus americanus (American black bear) Ursus Ursidae Carnivora Mammalia Chordata Animalia Eukarya

39. The Three Domains of Life Three-domain system is currently used, and replaces the old five-kingdom system Domain Bacteria and Domain Archaea comprise the prokaryotes Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotic organisms Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

40. Fig. 1-15 (a) DOMAIN BACTERIA (b) DOMAIN ARCHAEA (c) DOMAIN EUKARYA Protists Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia

41. Fig. 1-15a (a) DOMAIN BACTERIA

42. Fig. 1-15b (b) DOMAIN ARCHAEA

43. The domain Eukarya includes three multicellular kingdoms: – Plantae – Fungi – Animalia There was a kingdom called Protista, these organisms are now grouped in different Kingdoms Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

44. Fig. 1-15c (c) DOMAIN EUKARYA Protists Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia

45. Unity in the Diversity of Life All life has 2 unifying features DNA is the universal genetic language common to all organisms Many features of cell structure are common in all living things - Following slide is an example Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

46. Fig. 1-16 Cilia of Paramecium Cross section of a cilium, as viewed with an electron microscope Cilia of windpipe cells 15 µm 5 µm 0.1 µm

47. Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection What evidence is there for natural Selection and Evolution? Fossils are a great example Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

48. Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859 Darwin made two main points: Species showed evidence of “descent with modification” from common ancestors Natural selection is the mechanism behind “descent with modification” Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

49. Darwin observed that: Individuals in a population have traits that vary Many of these traits are heritable (passed from parents to offspring) More offspring are produced than survive Competition is inevitable Species generally suit their environment Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

50. Darwin inferred that: Individuals that are best suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce Over time, more individuals in a population will have the advantageous traits In other words, the natural environment “selects” for beneficial traits Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

51. Fig. 1-20 Population with varied inherited traits. Elimination of individuals with certain traits. Reproduction of survivors. Increasing frequency of traits that enhance survival and reproductive success. 43 21

52. The Tree of Life Descent with Modification?????? What does this mean? Fossils provide evidence for this Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

53. Fig. 1-22 COMMON ANCESTOR Warbler finches Insect-eaters Seed-eater Bud-eater Insect-eatersTree finches Green warbler finch Certhidea olivacea Gray warbler finch Certhidea fusca Sharp-beaked ground finch Geospiza difficilis Vegetarian finch Platyspiza crassirostris Mangrove finch Cactospiza heliobates Woodpecker finch Cactospiza pallida Medium tree finch Camarhynchus pauper Large tree finch Camarhynchus psittacula Small tree finch Camarhynchus parvulus Large cactus ground finch Geospiza conirostris Cactus ground finch Geospiza scandens Small ground finch Geospiza fuliginosa Medium ground finch Geospiza fortis Large ground finch Geospiza magnirostris Ground finches Seed-eaters Cactus-flower- eaters

54. Concept 1.3: Scientists use two main forms of inquiry in their study of nature What does Science mean? The word Science is derived from Latin and means “to know” Inquiry Search for information and explanation Two main types Discovery Science and Hypothesis-Based Science Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

55. Discovery Science Describes natural structures and processes Based on observation and the analysis of data Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

56. Types of Data Data are recorded observations or items of information Data fall into two categories Qualitative Descriptions rather than measurements Quantitative Recorded measurements, which are sometimes organized into tables and graphs Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

57. Induction in Discovery Science Inductive reasoning Draws conclusions through the logical process of induction Repeat specific observations can lead to important generalizations Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

58. Hypothesis-Based Science What is a hypothesis???? Tentative answer that leads to predictions that can be tested by observation or experimentation Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

59. For example: (p. 19 Figure 1.24) Observation: Your flashlight doesn’t work Question: Why doesn’t your flashlight work? Hypothesis 1: The batteries are dead Hypothesis 2: The bulb is burnt out Both these hypotheses are testable Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

60. Deduction: The “If…Then” Logic of Hypothesis Based Science Deductive reasoning Uses general premises to make specific predictions For example if organisms are made of cells (premise 1), and humans are organisms (premise 2), then humans are composed of cells (deductive prediction) Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

61. The Myth of the Scientific Method Does an experiment always follow this method? It does not have to. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

62. Read p. 20-22 Let’s discuss this experiment

63. Fig. 1-27 Artificial kingsnakes Brown artificial snakes 83% 84% 17% 16% Coral snakes absent Coral snakes present Percent of total attacks on artificial snakes 100 80 60 40 20 0 RESULTS

64. Designing Controlled Experiments Controlled Experiment Compares an experimental group (the artificial king snakes) with a control group (the artificial brown snakes) Only one variable of interest (the color pattern of the artificial snakes) can be changed between the control and experimental groups Controlled experiment does not mean that all unwanted variables are kept constant Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

65. Limitations of Science In science Observations and experimental results must be repeatable Science cannot support or falsify supernatural explanations, these are outside the bounds of science Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

66. Theories in Science Theory Broader in scope than a hypothesis General, and can lead to new testable hypotheses Supported by a large body of evidence in comparison to a hypothesis Sometimes theories must be rejected or changed due to new research Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

67. Model Building in Science Models Representations of natural phenomena: Diagrams Three-dimensional objects Computer programs Mathematical equations Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

68. You should now be able to: 1.Briefly describe the unifying themes that characterize the biological sciences 2.Distinguish among the three domains of life, and the eukaryotic kingdoms 3.Distinguish between the following pairs of terms: discovery science and hypothesis- based science, quantitative and qualitative data, and inductive and deductive reasoning Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings