1. Grammar Flipbook ★ Each flip must contain the grammar term, definition and a student-created example. ★ The term must be highlighted/designated in each example.

2. Flip #1 Subject - Who/What is completing the action within a sentence. (circle it) Example ★ The brave firefighter saved the dog from the burning building. ★ John and Isabell quietly studied for their English exam.

3. Flip #2 Adjective - A word that describes a noun within the sentence. Example ★ The tiny squirrel raced up the tree. ★ After we got home from vacation, I printed beautiful pictures of Yosemite.

4. Flip #3 Pronoun - A word that replaces a noun in a sentence. Example ★ He saved the dog from the burning building. ★ It made Thanksgiving a lot of fun.

5. Flip #4 Verb/Predicate - The action that the subject of the sentence completes. (box it) Example ★ The boys walked slowly to the start of the race. ★ It made Thanksgiving a lot of fun.

6. Flip #5 Helping Verb (Auxiliary Verbs)- Words that help extend the meaning of an action verb -- sometimes help us understand verb tense. Located before the action verb IsAre WasWere BeBeingBeenHaveHasHad Do DoesDidCouldWould Should CanMayMustMightShall Will ★ Giselle and Michael have walked to the beach every day this summer. ★ The girls basketball team has been winning every game because they practice six days a week.

7. Flip #6 Adverb - A word that describes a verb in a sentence. Usually ends in -ly Example ★ Alex timidly raised her hand to answer the question. ★ We harshly stomped on the sand castle.

8. Preposition - A dependent clause which uses a word used to create relationships between other words/phrases within a sentence. Cross out a prepositional phrase to determine extra information. ★ The ball bounced beyond the fence. ★ After Jack and Jill went up the hill, they fetched a pail of water. Flip #7

9. Flip #8 Independent Clause - A phrase within a sentence that contains a subject and a verb and makes sense on its own. (underline once) Example ★ I walked my dog after school because I slept in this morning. ★ After I left school today, I bought a slurpee at 7-Eleven.

10. Flip #9 Dependent Clause - A phrase within a sentence that contains a subject and a verb, but does not make sense on it’s own. Begins with a subordinating conjunction or preposition (Underline TWICE) Subordinating Conjunctions how untilalthoughif unlessasas Untilwhenwheneverwherewhereversince WWhilebecauseeven thoughthanthatbecausethanthat ★ I walked my dog after school because I slept in this morning. ★ After I left school today, I bought a slurpee at 7-Eleven.

11. Rule 1. Use a colon to introduce a series of items. Do not capitalize the first item after the colon (unless it's a proper noun). Rule 2. Avoid using a colon before a list when it directly follows a verb or preposition. Rule 3. A colon may be used to introduce a long quotation. Rule 4. Use a colon rather than a comma to follow the salutation in a business letter, even when addressing someone by his or her first name. Flip #10 Colon (:) - Ex 1. Bring the following items to school on the first day: a pencil, paper, and your English textbook. Ex 2. Jose went to the store and bought apples, orange juice and Fruit Loops. Ex 3. After they went to the circus, Susanna’s mom lectured her: “.......”. Ex 4. Dear Mickey Mouse:

12. Rule 1. A semicolon can replace a period if the writer wishes to narrow the gap between two closely linked sentences. Rule 2. Use a semicolon before transition terms (however, therefore, for example) when they introduce a complete sentence. It is also preferable to use a comma after these words and terms. Rule 3. Use a semicolon to separate units of a series when one or more of the units contain commas. Rule 4. A semicolon may be used between independent clauses joined by a conjunction, such as and, but, or, nor, etc., when one or more commas appear in the first clause. Flip #11 Semi-Colon (;) Ex 1. Call me tomorrow; you can give me an answer then. Ex 2. Bring any two items; however, sleeping bags and tents are in short supply. Ex 3. The conference has people who have come from Twin Falls, Idaho; San Diego, California; Nashville, Tennessee and other places as well. Ex 4. When I finish here, and I will soon, I'll be glad to help you; and that is a promise I will keep.

13. Rule 1. Use commas to separate words and word groups in a simple series of three or more items. Rule 2. Use a comma to separate two adjectives when the adjectives are interchangeable. Rule 3. In sentences where two independent clauses are joined by conjunctions such as and, or, but, etc., put a comma at the end of the first clause. Rule 4. Use commas to set off expressions that interrupt the sentence flow (nevertheless, after all, by the way, on the other hand, however, etc.). Flip #12 Comma (,) Ex 1. Last night I called my mom, grandmother and aunt to wish them all Happy Birthday. Ex 2. He is a strong, healthy man. (He is a healthy, strong man) Ex 3. He walked all the way home, and he shut the door. Ex 4. I am, by the way, very nervous about my grade on the test.

14. Rule 5. When starting a sentence with a dependent clause, use a comma after it. Rule 6. Use commas to set off nonessential words, clauses, and phrases (apossitives) Rule 7. Use commas to introduce or interrupt direct quotations. Rule 8. If the quotation comes before he said, she wrote, they reported, Juan insisted, end the quoted material with a comma, even if it is only one word. Flip #13 Comma (,) cont. Ex 5. After the game, we went to get ice cream. Ex 6. Ms. Kridner, my English teacher, gave us homework over the weekend. Ex 7. He said, "I don't care." "Why," I asked, "don't you care?" Ex 8. "I don’t want to go," he said. "Listen," he said.

15. Flip #14 Simple sentence - One independent clause (one subject and one verb) which makes sense on its own. -Underline the ind clause once -Underline the dep clause twice Example ★ The cow ate green grass in the pasture. ★ The dolphins jumped through the waves.

16. Flip #15 Compound sentence - Two independent clauses joined by a conjunction. (there is a comma before the conjunction) Circle subject, box verb, underline ind twice, dep once, cross out prep phrase Example ★ The cow ate green grass in the pasture, but they didn’t have any water to drink. ★ The dolphins jumped through the waves, and they played with one another.

17. Flip #16 Complex sentence - One independent clause followed by a conjunction and one dependent clause. (there is NO comma before the conjunction) Circle subject, box verb, underline ind twice, dep once, cross out prep phrase, label conjunction “C” Example ★ The cow ate green grass in the pasture but didn’t have any water to drink. ★ The dolphins jumped through the waves and played with one another.

18. Flip #17 Compound-complex sentence - One or more independent clauses joined with one or more dependent clauses. Circle subject, box verb, underline ind twice, dep once, cross out prep phrase, label conjunction “C” Example ★ Once they picked a movie, Jack and Diane decided to buy popcorn and sit in the front row. ★ We looked for the soap before tried to wash the car, but we didn’t find any in the garage.

19. Flip #18 Active Voice - When the subject of the sentence COMPLETES the action. Example ★ I walked my dog after school because I slept in this morning. ★ After I left school today, I bought a slurpee at 7-Eleven.

20. Flip #19 Passive Voice - When the subject of the sentence RECEIVES the action. Almost always has a helping verb before the action verb. The noun completing the action is found at the end of the sentence. If there is no noun at the end of the sentence, add “by ___”. ★ The dog was walked by me after school. ★ A slurpee was bought by me. ★ A wish was made.