1. The Rise of Sovereignty Absolutism personified: Louis XIV of France, r. 1643-1715

3. During the later Middle Ages, kings and powerful lords imposed greater order in their territories. Where these kings succeeded, strong dynastic states emerged. Where the monarchs failed, as they did in the Holy Roman Empire and Italy, no viable states evolved until the 1860’s.

5. Spain The strategic use of marriage: 1469 Ferdinand & Isabella –Reconquista: expel Muslims –Purity of Blood –Orthodoxy of Faith/Inquisition –1492! Gold & Silver from colonies 1516 Charles V- height of the Spanish Empire included large parts of the New World; Portugal; The Netherlands; parts of Italy and many Germanic lands, including Austria. 1556 Philip II- wars against the Muslims, Dutch and the English bankrupted Spain- squandered all the gold and silver from Spanish America

8. Austria/Holy Roman Empire- failure at Statebuilding The Hapsburgs- used marriage, Catholicism and foreign threats to consolidate power. Emperors were elected; main princes were fiercely independent. Emperors- too preoccupied with northern Italy and the Papacy --- allowing nobility to control local populations. War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1713) Austria emerged, along with England, as a major force in European political life

9. Holy Roman Empire Failed to create a unified state- Emperor (a Hapsburg) was an elected office dependent on the Catholic church and the nobility Emperors preoccupied with Italy and the Pope Charles V fought wars against Lutherans, Turks and French as well as his own fiercely independent princes 1555 Peace of Augsberg granted religious toleration to each ruling family, (ending any possibility for religious unity.)

10. Prussia 1415- Hohenzollern family ruled Brandenburg 1525 Inherited Prussia as a fief from Polish king; began a dream to unite two provinces… further holdings grew through marriage and inheritance 1653 – Frederick William - deal with nobles: made serfdom permanent but lost nobles their voice in governing. Frederick William I: The Soldier-king: No natural boundaries - emphasized defensive army Frederick the Great (1740-1786) established Prussia as a great power

11. Hohenzollern family gained control of Prussia

12. Russia 1584-1613 “time of troubles” ended with the election of Mikhail Romanov as Czar 1682-1725 Peter the Great –Copied Prussia's political arrangement guaranteeing serfdom to be permanent –Ignored advice from the aristocracy –Built a navy- learned ship-building from the Dutch –Declared himself head of Orthodox Church –Built St. Petersburg- “window to the west”

13. St. Petersburg: Russia's “window to the west”

14. Medieval French kings: Established an efficient bureaucracy staffed by members of the bourgeoisie and lesser noblility Served as a unifying symbol during the 100 Years War Levied taxes Maintained a standing army Claimed Divine Right BUT: could not exercise absolute power

15. Francis I (1515-1547) concluded an agreement (Concordat of Bologna) with Pope Leo X permitting the king of France to nominate and therefore appoint his choice of Bishops to the French church (the Gallican church.

16. Henry IV (1589- 1610) “Paris is well worth a mass”

17. Louis XIV:1638-1715 Reigned: 1643-1715 The Sun King - from his own chosen emblem: The Sun in Splendor In his memoirs, Louis wrote: “I chose the sun because of the unique quality of its radiance... the good it does is everywhere, endlessly creating joy.”

18. "The State is the King and I am the King“ - L'etat c'est moi

19. Louis XIII Anne of Austria

20. Cardinal Richelieu, PM 1624 - 1642 First modern Prime Minister “raison d'etat” Broke power of the nobility Created Intendants Harrassed Huguenots

21. Cardinal Mazarin, PM - 1643-1661 b- Giulio Mazzarini “Suave and charming” “Ostentatious to a fault” Queen Anne, as Regent, allowed him unquestioned dominance over young Louis

22. Le Fronde, 1648-1653

23. Jean-Baptiste Colbert, 1619-1667 Economic policy of Mercantilism Favorable balance of trade Self-sufficient empire/colonies Govt subsidies to establish new industries Abolished internal tariffs/raised external Forbid exportation of foodstuffs Built roads and canals Expanded navy Created “standards of excellence” of everything French

24. The Palace of Versailles, 1662-1682 12 miles outside of Paris; took over 20 years to complete with 36,000 laborers and 6,000 horses- 1400 fountains, 1000 orange trees Louis moved in in 1684

25. The Hall of Mirrors, 225 ft long!

26. Scholars today suggest that Louis' most brilliant policy was when he dismissed aristocrats as prominent advisors to him, thus reducing their political power and influence in the government

27. Domestic policies Intendants Edict of Nantes Lettres de cachet The “Old Bargain” Tax Farmers Mercantilism

28. His absolutist rule functioned well because he had: >the complicity of the aristocracy >the Church's support from the pulpit >an effective and huge military

29. Foreign Policy-War The 1 st Dutch War, 1667-1668 The 2 nd Dutch War, 1672-1678 War with the League of Augsberg, 1688-1697 War of the Spanish Succession, 1702-1713 *** For 46 of his 72 year reign France was at war – goal: secure natural boundaries (Rhine river)

30. The impact of Louis XIV: 20% of population died during his reign Famine and unrest were common Trade disrupted Tax system ruined Treasury bankrupt

31. The End...any questions?