1. Navigation NAU 102 Lesson 9

2. Navigation Aids Beacons Manmade objects intended to help fix your position and avoid hazards. Buoys Lights Ranges Fog Signals

3. Navigation Aids Some private aids maintained by: U.S. Coast Guard operates and maintains U.S. navaids. State governments Other federal agencies Individuals/Companies

4. Buoys Mark channels Floating navaids Anchored to the bottom Indicate shoals & obstructions Warn of dangers

5. Buoys Convey information by: ShapeColor Letters or Numbers Light Topmark

6. Buoys Reflective tape Common equipment: Radar reflectors Sound signals - Bells & Gongs - Whistles & Horns

7. Buoys Cardinal marks Types of Buoys Lateral marks Special marks Safe water marks Isolated danger marks

8. Lateral Marks Sides of channels Navaids which mark: Channel junctionsChannel bifurcations

9. Cardinal Marks Indicate direction of navigable water. Show cardinal directions (N, S, E, W) of safe water E.g. Always pass to the North of a North Cardinal Mark Note: cardinal marks are not used in U.S. waters

10. Safe Water Marks Indicate an area of safe (navigable) waters. E.g. Mid-channel & fairway buoys

11. Isolated Danger Marks Navaids mark points of danger. E.g. Submerged wreck

12. Special Marks Traffic separation schemes Navaids mark special features of interest: Anchorages Recreational zones Etc.

13. Lateral Systems Historically there have been many buoyage systems in the world. 1970s - International Association of Lighthouse Authorities (IALA) simplified the system

14. IALA Buoyage Systems Two major international systems: IALA - B IALA - A Europe Africa Most of Asia Australia New Zealand North America South America Japan Philippines South Korea

15. IALA Buoyage Systems

16. Direction Conventions Based on entering from seaward. E.g. The right (or starboard) side of a channel is to starboard of vessel entering from sea. E.g. The right side is to port of a vessel heading towards the sea.

17. Direction Conventions Many places “entering from seaward” is not clear. E.g. Along coasts and Intracoastal waterways. Clockwise direction around U.S. is treated as entering.

18. Direction Conventions

19. Lateral Colors Red to starboard IALA - B Green to port “Red-Right-Returning” Red buoys and green buoys mark the sides of channels

20. Lateral Colors IALA - A is opposite.

21. Lateral Colors Horizontal Red & Green Bands Mark junctions & bifurcations Top color indicates preferred channel.

22. Lateral Colors

23. Cardinal Colors Horizontal Black & Yellow Bands

24. Safe Water Colors Red & White Vertical Stripes

25. Isolated Danger Colors Black & Red Horizontal Bands

26. Special Marks Color Solid Yellow

27. Buoy Shapes 5 Basic Shapes Can Cone (Nun) Sphere Pillar Spar

28. Buoy Shapes Can Mark port side of channels Mark channel junctions – preferred channel to starboard

29. Buoy Shapes Can

30. Buoy Shapes Conical / Nun Mark starboard side of channels Mark channel junctions – preferred channel to port

31. Buoy Shapes Conical / Nun

32. Buoy Shapes Sphere Safe Water Marks

33. Buoy Shapes Pillar Any type of buoy Often lighted Tall, central structure on broad base. Color & topmark indicate type

34. Buoy Shapes Pillar

35. Buoy Shapes Spar Any type of buoy Often lighted Usually not floating, driven into bottom. Thin cylinder

36. Buoy Shapes Isolated danger marks and special marks may be any shape. Pillar or spar are preferred.

37. Topmarks Shapes attached to pillars and spars. Indicate type of mark. Square = port side Cone = starboard side Lateral Marks

38. Topmarks Isolated Danger 2 Spheres, one above the other

39. Topmarks Safe Water 1 Sphere

40. Topmarks Special Purpose – Yellow X

41. Topmarks Double Cones = Cardinal Marks NorthSouth EastWest

42. Topmarks North points up. South points down. West looks like a Wine glass. The points point to the black stripe(s).

43. Introduction to Navigation Questions?