1. Advanced Programming Constants, Declarations, and Definitions Derived Data Types

2. 3/14/2016CSCI 240: Computing II 2 Derived Data Types Class Structure Union Enumeration Array Function Pointer Reference

3. 3/14/2016CSCI 240: Computing II 3 Class Collection of Homogeneous Objects Information Hiding -- Data Members and Member Functions #include using std::cout; using std::endl; class student{ private: char* name; public: void add_name(char *ip1) { name = new char[10]; strcpy(name, ip1);} char* get_name() {return name;} }; main() { student s1; //object or instance s1.add_name("John"); cout << "Name: " << s1.get_name() << endl; }

4. 3/14/2016CSCI 240: Computing II 4 Structure Collection of Objects a Having Meaningful Representation A Class with ALL PUBLIC MEMBERS struct date{ int day; char *month; int year; }; #include using std::cout; using std::endl; main() { struct date today; //object today.day = 15; today.month = "May"; today.year = 1995; cout << "Date is: " << today.month << " " << today.day << " " << today.year << endl; } (There is a strong correlation between classes and structures.)

5. 3/14/2016CSCI 240: Computing II 5 Union Objects to Occupy Same Area of Storage Different Types at Different Times struct circle{ int radius; }; struct triangle{ int side1; int side2; int angle; }; struct rectangle{ int side1; int side2; }; union shape{ struct circle s1; struct triangle s2; struct rectangle s3; }; Using the correct name is critical. Sometimes you need to add a tag field to help keep track. It is important that the tag field be in the same location in every variant.

6. 3/14/2016CSCI 240: Computing II 6 Enumeration Assigns Numerical Values to List of Identifiers enum binary {zero, one}; enum number {one = 1, two, three}; enum boolean {False, True}; main() { boolean x = False; if (x) {cout << "True!" << endl;} else {cout << "False!" << endl;} }

7. 3/14/2016CSCI 240: Computing II 7 Reference An alias of an object Must be initialized when defined No operator acts on reference Value of a reference cannot be changed after initialization – it always refers to the object it was initialized to. (Compile time, not run time.) main(){ int i = 10, &j = i; j = 5; cout << i; } This is the first new C++ capability. You can’t do this in C. main() { double pay; give_raise(pay); give_raise(&pay); } void give_raise(double &pay) { pay = pay * 1.05; }; // C-style void give_raise(double *pay) { *pay = *pay * 1.05; };

8. 3/14/2016CSCI 240: Computing II 8 Object Storage Persistent – alive after the program termination Non-persistent – alive during the program execution C++ allows only non-persistent objects Automatic variables are allocated and destroyed automatically Dynamic allocation is achieved by using new and delete operators.

9. 3/14/2016CSCI 240: Computing II 9 Constant Declarations const Keyword Makes the Object Constant const as a Prefix in a Pointer Declaration MAKES THE OBJECT POINTED TO BE A CONSTANT AND NOT THE POINTER! Use of *const Makes the POINTER to be a CONSTANT

10. 3/14/2016CSCI 240: Computing II 10 Constant Declarations const int x = 10; /* x is a Constant Object */ const int y[] = {1, 2, 3, 4}; // y is a Array of Constant Objects const char *ptr = "csci220"; /* ptr: Pointer to a CONST OBJECT ptr[0] = 'R'; //ERROR!!! ptr = "Class_Notes"; /* ptr CAN POINT TO ANOTHER CONSTANT OBJECT! */ char *const cptr = "C++"; // cptr is a CONSTANT POINTER cptr[0] = 'c'; //LEGAL cptr = "Assignment"; //ERROR!! cptr CANNOT POINT TO // ANOTHER CONSTANT OBJECT! const char* const dptr = "Simple_Language"; /* dptr is a CONSTANT POINTER pointing to a CONSTANT OBJECT */ dptr[0] = 's'; //ERROR!! dptr = "Difficult_Language"; //ERROR!!

11. 3/14/2016CSCI 240: Computing II 11 Class Declaration Describes the form of an Object DOES NOT Reserve Any Storage Initialization is NOT Allowed Object Definition (Class Variable Declaration) Creates an Instance Reserves a Storage Initialization is Allowed All Objects MUST BE DEFINED BEFORE THEIR USE

12. 3/14/2016CSCI 240: Computing II 12 Declaration != Implementation Function Without Body Contains extern Specifier and NO Initializer or Function Body Static Member in the Class Declaration Class Name Declaration typedef Declaration

13. 3/14/2016CSCI 240: Computing II 13 Examples /* Definitions */ int i, j; //storage is reserved int k = 10; //initialization /* Declarations */ int my_function(); //function extern int x; //external variable struct S; //structure typedef int INT; //typedef /* Implementation */ int my_function() { int i = 100; return(i); }

14. 3/14/2016CSCI 240: Computing II 14 Incomplete Declarations Dimension is Not Specified Class/Structure Body is Not Specified Completed By Subsequent Declaration struct S; //incomplete S *ps; //Acceptable S s1; //ERROR struct S { int x; char *ptr; }; // Complete Declaration S s2; //FINE int array[]; //incomplete int array[5]; //FINE

15. 3/14/2016CSCI 240: Computing II 15 Typedef Defines an Alias for Previously Defined Data Type Does NOT Create a New Type Makes Programs Readable typedef int INT; //INT => int INT x; //x is an integer variable INT y[10]; //Array typedef int *INT_PTR; //Pointer to int INT_PTR ptr; //ptr is a pointer to int /* Unnamed Class or Struct in a "typedef" gets the typedef as its name */ typedef struct { int p; char *q; } S; //struct is called S S my_struct; //instance of S

16. 3/14/2016CSCI 240: Computing II 16 Interpretation of Declaration Order of Evaluation Depends Upon the Precedence and Associativity int (*fun[])(); /* Explanation 1. () Alter the Order of Evaluation 2. [] has Highest Precedence => fun is an array of 3. *fun[] => Pointers to 4. () => Functions Returning (required) 5. int => Integers ==> fun is an array of pointers to functions returning integers */

17. 3/14/2016CSCI 240: Computing II 17 Scope Resolution Operator (::) Can declare local and global variable of same name. In C, the local variable takes precedence over the global variable throughout its scope. In C++, the scope resolution operator is used to access the variable of the same name in an outer block. Example int i; main() { int i; i = 35; ::i = 34; cout << "Local i = " << i << endl; cout << "Global i = " << ::i << endl; }

18. 3/14/2016CSCI 240: Computing II 18 Acknowledgements These slides were originally produced by Rajeev Raje, modified by Dale Roberts.