2. The First World War US History

3. Long-Term Causes of WWI Militarism – the development of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy Alliance system – treaties of assistance between nations to support one another if attacked (mutual defense)

4. Long-Term Causes of WWI Imperialism – the policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories Nationalism – belief that national interests and national unity should be placed ahead of global cooperation and that a nation’s foreign affairs should be guided by self- interest

5. Causes of World War I NATIONALISM IMPERIALISM MILITARISM ALLIANCE SYSTEM WORLD WAR I

6. Choosing Sides Central Powers –Austria-Hungary –Germany –Ottoman Empire Triple Entente (Allies) –France –Britain –Russia –United States (1917)

8. Essential Question Was it in the national interest of the US to stay neutral or declare war in 1917? Read Section 22.1 –What happened on June 28, 1914? –What motivated the terrorists to assassinate the Archduke and his wife? –What happened as a result of the assassination?

9. Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914 The “Powder Keg” of Europe

10. Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

11. The Assassination: Sarajevo

12. The Assassin: Gavrilo Princip Gavrilo Princip

13. Who’s To Blame?

14. Almost 40 Million Activated 1914-18

15. American Neutrality Isolationism – policy of opposition to political or economic ties with other nations Public opinion is strongly divided –Recent immigrants have connections to countries at war Sympathy for the Allies –Cultural / economic ties to Britain –German atrocities in Belgium

16. U.S. Enters the War 1.Allied repayment of debt $2.3 billion loaned to Allies for war materials 2.German U-Boats –British blockade of Germany –German u-boat response – unrestricted submarine warfare

17. The Sinking of the Lusitania

18. Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats Before the US Enters the WAR After the US Enters the WAR

19. U.S. Enters the War 3.Zimmerman note – Germany promises support for Mexico to recover lost territories if U.S. enters War 4.President Wilson –unable to negotiate a “peace among equals” so we are going to “Make the World Safe for Democracy”

20. The Zimmerman Telegram Wilson proposes “Peace without Victory” German response: Unlimited Submarine warfare in the war zone!!! Secret proposal to Mexico

21. Quick Review Key Concepts What are the four main causes of WWI? –Don’t look in your notes yet –Three end with ism What are three reasons the US entered WWI? –Two of the reasons were things that other countries were doing –One big reason was to insure we got???

22. 1917 – Selective Service Act Authorized the federal government to raise a national army Included all men 18 to 45 24,000,000 men registered for the draft by the end of 1918. 4,800,000 men served in WW1 (2,000,000 saw active combat). 400,000 African-Americans served in segregated units.

24. Impacts of the Expansion of the Federal Government 1.Unemployment almost disappeared. 2.Excessive govt. regulations in economy. 3.Close cooperation between public and private sectors. 4.Exceptional opportunities for minority (including women) groups.

25. Opportunities for African-Americans in WW1 “Great Migration.” 1916 – 1919 African-Americans move north for war industry jobs Enlistment in segregated units.

27. Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of Americans Espionage Act 1. Espionage Act – 1917 - forbade actions that obstructed recruitment or efforts to promote insubordination in the military.

28. Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of Americans Sedition Act 2. Sedition Act – 1918 - it was a crime to speak against the purchase of war bonds or anything disloyal against about the US Government,the US Constitution, or the US armed forces.

29. Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of Americans Schenck v. US 3. Schenck v. US – 1919 -The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic. [Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes] RESULT: If an act of speech posed a clear and present danger, then Congress had the power to restrain such speech.

30. Wilson Fights for Peace Early 1918 German military takes over the German government German Kaiser began peace negotiations German army/navy mutiny Germany surrenders 11/11/1918 @ 11:00 a.m. –Last deaths @ 10:59 a.m.

31. Wilson’s Fourteen Points How would you handle the peace treaty? What things would you include? President Wilson’s Goals: Eliminate or reduce the main causes of WWI Create a “League of Nations” to handle disputes between countries

32. Treaty of Versailles Britain and France wanted harsh conditions to insure Germany would not be a threat again Conditions: –Germany accepts blame for the War –Germany has to pay 132 billion in reparations –German military drastically reduced –Nine new nations created – Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Serbia,Poland,Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia, and Finland

33. Weaknesses of the Treaty 1.Humiliates Germany 2.Ignores Russia 3.Reassigns colonies – not self- determination or freedom U.S. Senate rejects Treaty and League of Nations

34. Consequences of the War Human – 10 million dead, 20 million injured Economic - $330 billion, destruction of European economy Physical destruction of property Political – End of German, Austrian, Russian, and Ottoman Empires Creation of weak states Establishment of communism Psychological – deepens and expands nationalism, expands pessimistic view of humanity

35. US Consequences of WWI 120,000 dead – 300,000 injured Accelerates America’s emergence as world’s greatest industrial leader Relocates American population to urban areas Increases anti-immigrant and anti-radical sentiments