1. Chapter 16: Anatomy of the Heart Chapter 16: Anatomy of the Heart

2. Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2 Lesson 16.1 Objectives Describe the location of the heart. Name the three layers and covering of the heart. Explain the function of the heart as two separate pumps. Identify the four chambers of the heart. Explain the functions of the four heart valves. Describe the location of the heart. Name the three layers and covering of the heart. Explain the function of the heart as two separate pumps. Identify the four chambers of the heart. Explain the functions of the four heart valves.

3. Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Function, Location, and Size of the Heart

4. Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Function, Location, and Size of the Heart (cont’d.) Heart: –Hollow, muscular organ –Size of a closed fist –Weighs less than 1 pound –Pumps an average of 72 times per minute Heart: –Hollow, muscular organ –Size of a closed fist –Weighs less than 1 pound –Pumps an average of 72 times per minute

5. Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 5 The Heart’s Layers and Coverings

6. Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 6 Endocardium: innermost layer Myocardium: middle layer Epicardium: outermost layer that also forms pericardium Pericardium: slinglike structure with three layers –Epicardium –Visceral pericardium –Parietal pericardium Endocardium: innermost layer Myocardium: middle layer Epicardium: outermost layer that also forms pericardium Pericardium: slinglike structure with three layers –Epicardium –Visceral pericardium –Parietal pericardium The Heart’s Layers and Coverings (cont’d.)

7. Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 7 Disorders of the pericardium: –Pericarditis –Pericardial effusion –Cardiac tamponade Disorders of the pericardium: –Pericarditis –Pericardial effusion –Cardiac tamponade The Heart’s Layers and Coverings (cont’d.)

8. Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 8 A Double Pump and Two Circulations

9. Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 9 A Double Pump and Two Circulations (cont’d.) Double pump: –Right heart –Left heart Two circulations: –Pulmonary circulation –Systemic circulation Double pump: –Right heart –Left heart Two circulations: –Pulmonary circulation –Systemic circulation

10. Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 10 The Heart’s Chambers and Great Vessels Atria: –Right atrium –Left atrium Great Vessels: –Superior and inferior venae cavae –Pulmonary artery –Four pulmonary veins –Aorta Atria: –Right atrium –Left atrium Great Vessels: –Superior and inferior venae cavae –Pulmonary artery –Four pulmonary veins –Aorta Ventricles: –Right ventricle –Left ventricle

11. Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11 The Heart’s Chambers and Great Vessels (cont’d.)

12. Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 12 Heart Valves Four valves: –Semilunar valves Pulmonic valve Aortic valve –Atrioventricular valves Tricuspid valve Bicuspid valve (mitral valve) Four valves: –Semilunar valves Pulmonic valve Aortic valve –Atrioventricular valves Tricuspid valve Bicuspid valve (mitral valve)

13. Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 13 Heart Valves (cont’d.)

14. Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 14 Heart Valves (cont’d.)

15. Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 15 Lesson 16.2 Objectives Describe the blood flow through the heart. List the vessels that supply blood to the heart. Identify the major components of the heart’s conduction system. Describe the blood flow through the heart. List the vessels that supply blood to the heart. Identify the major components of the heart’s conduction system.

16. Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 16 Pathway of Blood Flow Through the Heart

17. Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 17 Pathway of Blood Flow Through the Heart (cont’d.)

18. Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 18 Pathway of Blood Flow Through the Heart (cont’d.) Shunt: passageway that diverts blood from its normal circulatory path Types of shunts: –Left-to-right –Right-to-left Shunt: passageway that diverts blood from its normal circulatory path Types of shunts: –Left-to-right –Right-to-left

19. Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 19 Blood Supply to the Myocardium

20. Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 20 Blood Supply to the Myocardium (cont’d.) Coronary arteries: supply blood to myocardium –Right coronary artery: nourishes the right side of the heart, especially the right ventricle –Left coronary artery: supplies blood to the left side of the heart, especially the left ventricular wall Coronary veins: collect blood that nourishes the myocardium Coronary sinus: empties blood into right atrium Coronary arteries: supply blood to myocardium –Right coronary artery: nourishes the right side of the heart, especially the right ventricle –Left coronary artery: supplies blood to the left side of the heart, especially the left ventricular wall Coronary veins: collect blood that nourishes the myocardium Coronary sinus: empties blood into right atrium

21. Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 21 Blood Supply to the Myocardium (cont’d.) Characteristics of coronary blood flow: –Flow can increase as needed during exertion –Flow is greatest during myocardial relaxation –Coronary arteries can form anastomoses Characteristics of coronary blood flow: –Flow can increase as needed during exertion –Flow is greatest during myocardial relaxation –Coronary arteries can form anastomoses

22. Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 22 Blood Supply to the Myocardium (cont’d.) Diminished coronary blood flow can result in: –Ischemia (oxygen deprivation) –Angina (chest pain) –Myocardial infarction (heart attack) Emergency treatment for MI: –Morphine –Oxygen –Aspirin –Nitroglycerin Diminished coronary blood flow can result in: –Ischemia (oxygen deprivation) –Angina (chest pain) –Myocardial infarction (heart attack) Emergency treatment for MI: –Morphine –Oxygen –Aspirin –Nitroglycerin

23. Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 23 Blood Supply to the Myocardium (cont’d.) After an MI, dead myocardial cells leak enzymes and protein into blood: –Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) –Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) –Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) –Troponin After an MI, dead myocardial cells leak enzymes and protein into blood: –Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) –Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) –Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) –Troponin

24. Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 24 Cardiac Conduction System

25. Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 25 Cardiac Conduction System (cont’d.) Sinoatrial node (SA node): origination of cardiac impulse Atrial conducting fibers: conduct cardiac impulse through both atria and to AV node Atrioventricular node (AV node): impulse slows as it moves through node into bundle of His His-Purkinje system: right and left bundle branches conduct cardiac impulse throughout the ventricles Sinoatrial node (SA node): origination of cardiac impulse Atrial conducting fibers: conduct cardiac impulse through both atria and to AV node Atrioventricular node (AV node): impulse slows as it moves through node into bundle of His His-Purkinje system: right and left bundle branches conduct cardiac impulse throughout the ventricles

26. Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 26 Cardiac Conduction System (cont’d.)

27. Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 27 Cardiac Conduction System (cont’d.)