1. Sunni v. Shi’a  3 rd caliph murdered over booty issues  Ali, relative of Muhammad = caliph  Fighting!  Mu’awiya (1 st Umayyad caliph) says HE’S caliph  Ali killed by Umayyads  Husayn (Ali’s son) killed in 680 (10,000 v. 72) – all killed; the final split.  Shi’a = “Party of Ali” Sunni = “The Majority”

2. Umayyads  Expansion (central Asia, N.W. India, N. Africa, Spain)  Capital = Damascus (modern Syria)  Arab conquest state  Bureaucracy – small Arab elite ruled over non-Arab, non-Muslim populations  Segregated into garrison towns to prevent mixing

4. People of the Book  Christians and Jews  paid extra taxes, but tolerated  non-Arab converts still had extra taxes  few conversions

5. Family & Gender Roles  Women’s status high, at first  Active in politics, commerce (Pastoralist background!)  Lost power over time – patriarchal like the rest

6. Umayyad Decline & Fall  REVOLT of warriors Led by Abbasids  Mawali & Shias joined Abbasids

7. Abbasid Caliphate  Centralized, absolutist  Capital = Baghdad. Imitated Persian culture  Vizir = chief advisor

8. From Arab to Islamic Empire: Abbasids  non-Arab Converts fully integrated – no more booty system  Greater opportunities for all to advance careers, education  LOTS of conversions

9. Abbasid Economy & Culture  City & Trade!  Learning  Trade & Hajj = constant and quick ideas exchange  Ancient authors translated (especially Greek!!!)

10. Abbasid Decline  Overexpansion & succession problems (fratricide)!  Led to caliph hiring personal armies of Turkic Central Asian nomads (slave soldiers)  Centralization breaks down into various smaller segments  Mamluk & Seljuk Turks really run the gov’t (caliph = figurehead)  Mongols - 1258