1. States of Consciousness
Sleep Stages, Sleep Disorders and Addiction

2. Sleep Stages
Alpha waves – awake but relaxed (when you lay down to go to sleep)
Stage 1 – brief period, hallucinations, falling, etc. (hypnagogic sensations)
Stage 2 – about 20 minutes, sleep spindles, sleeptalking
Stage 3 – transitional stage before stage 4, a few minutes (delta waves start – large slow waves)
Stage 4 – delta waves increase, 30 minutes
About an hour after sleep, you fall out of the stages, first with stage 3, then stage 2, then REM sleep – 10 minutes

3. Sleep Disorders
Insomnia
Narcolepsy
Sleep apnea
Night terrors

4. Drugs and Consciousness
Addiction

5. Words/Terms You Should Know
Psychoactive drug
Tolerance
Withdrawal
Physical dependence
Psychological dependence
Addiction

6. Incentive-Sensitization Theory of Addiction
Stage 1 – Pleasure
Using drug gives pleasure, user likes the experience
Stage 2 – Associative Learning
Mental representations of objects, acts, places and events related to the drug are linked with pleasure. Formerly neutral stimuli now are highly positive (classical conditioning).
Stage 3 – Incentive Salience
Cues linked with drug use are now sought after. Acts that led to, may lead to drug taking are now appealing in their own right.
Repeating the drug taking leads from liking that act to wanting it regardless of consequences.

7. The Change from Wanting vs. Liking
Wanting – like craving
Liking – pleasure produced by the drug
Dependency in terms of Incentive-Sensitization Theory
Initial try of drug - Mild liking and wanting due to pleasure mixed with side effects
Repeated use – Tolerance for liking, liking decreases. Increases dosage in attempt to increase liking.
Over time little liking felt, wanting dominates user’s behavior.
User is conditioned to the stimuli associated with drug-taking (needles, druggie friends, places, etc.)
Encounters with these cues (not drug) initiates wanting.

8. It’s time for a Mouse Party