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4.  The key part of this word is the first five letters. 4

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6.  A form of government  Single-party dictatorship with blind obedience to a charismatic single leader.  State control of the economy.  Use of police spies and terror to enforce the will of the state. 6

7.  Government control of the media to indoctrinate and mobilize citizens through propaganda.  Use of schools and youth organizations to spread ideology to children.  Strict censorship of artist and intellectuals with dissenting opinions. 7

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10.  Italian nationalists outraged by broken promises from France and Britain  Inspired by revolution in Russia- peasants seized land and workers went on strike or seized factories  Trade declined and taxes rose  Government splint into feuding factions 10

11.  Son of socialist blacksmith and a teacher  Supported nationalism over socialism  1919: He organized veterans and discontented Italians into Fascist party Ancient Roman word- symbol of unity and authority  He was a fiery and charismatic speaker that promised end to corruption and replace turmoil with order 11

12.  Organized his supporters into “combat squads” Black Shirts party militants were in favor of violent action over democratic process  Fascist gangs used intimidation and terror to oust elected officials Many civilians supported this  1922: March on Rome- Fascists marched to Rome and scared King Victor Emmanuel III King asked Mussolini to form a government as Prime Minister (Oct. 30, 1922) 12

13.  Within three years Mussolini assumed more power and taken title Il Duce- “The Leader” Suppressed rival parties, muzzled the press, rigged elections & replaced elected officials with Fascist supporters  1929: He received support from Pope Pius XI for recognizing Vatican as independent state  Parliamentary monarchy was actually a dictatorship upheld by terror 13

14.  He preserved capitalism  Representatives of business, labor, gov’t, and Fascist party controlled industry, agriculture, and trade  System favored upper classes and industrial leaders Success came at the expense of the workers- forbidden to strike and wages were low 14

15.  Loyalty to the state replaced conflicting individual goals  Glorious state was all- important and the individual was unimportant except as a member of the state 15

16.  Mussolini built the first totalitarian state  A one-party dictatorship attempts to regulate every aspect of the lives of its citizens  Fascist is an ideology of Totalitarianism just like Socialism under Stalin 16

17.  No unifying theory like Marxist, but describes any centralized, authoritarian government that is not communist whose policies glorify the state over the individual and are destructive  Extreme nationalists and antidemocratic  “Survival of the Fittest” 17

18.  Promised strong stable government and an end to the political feuding Sense of power and confidence at a time of disorder and despair Intense nationalism also revived national pride 18

19.  Fascists were sworn enemies of socialists and communists  Communists worked for international change/ Fascists supported a society with defined classes Found allies with business leaders, wealthy landowners, and lower middle class Communist wanted classless society 19

20.  Drew power by inspiring blind devotion  Used terror  Flourished during economic hardships  Party elite claimed to rule in the name of national interest 20

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23.  After WWI Germany tottered on the brink of chaos  Threat of socialist revolution- Kaiser abdicated  Moderate leaders signed the armistice and eventually Versailles treaty  1919: Constitution drafted in Weimar and created democratic government Parliamentary system led by chancellor or prime minister 23

24.  Political Struggles Weak because of multiple parties Weimar Republic blamed for Versailles Treaty  Runaway Inflation Economic disaster fed unrest French occupation of Ruhr Valley  Began recovery and Great Depression Led Germans to follow Adolf Hitler  Weimar Culture Culture did not keep with Germany’s illustrious past 24

25.  By 1920 Hitler was the unquestioned leader of the National Socialist German Workers, or Nazi, party He organized his supporters in groups called “Storm Troopers”  Hitler was determined to become Fuhrer 25

26.  One year out of prison, Hitler began his rise to power- Great Depression played in his favor Promised to end reparations, create jobs, and defy the Versailles treaty with rearming Germany  1933: He was appointed Chancellor through legal means  Within a year he was dictator Germany became a one-party state, he purged his own party and demanded unquestioned obedience 26

27.  Hitler played on German’s past glories First Reich- Holy Roman Empire/ Second Reich- forged by Bismark  Launched large public works  Crash program to rearm Germany and he schemed to unite Germany and Austria Both were violations of Versailles Treaty  Became a Totalitarian State under Gestapo 27

28.  Fanatical anti-semitism  1935 Nuremberg Laws  Nov. 7, 1938: led to Kristallnacht “Night of Broken Glass” (Nov. 8/9 th ) Plans towards “Final Solution”  Nazi Youth Textbooks were re-written to reflect Nazi views  Purging of German Culture 28